Societal Implication Of Nanotechnology In Soil Improvement Environmental Sciences Essay

Abstract-Nanotechnology is an exciting and quickly emerging engineering leting us to work, pull strings and make tools, stuffs and constructions at the molecular degree, frequently atom by atom into functional constructions holding nanometer dimensions. Both developed and developing states are puting in this engineering to hold a market portion. Soil direction is playing of import function in agribusiness sector. Nanotechnology has opened up new chances to progress alimentary usage efficiency. With nanofertilizers comes out as options to conventional fertilisers, some researches had been conduct to better dirt direction, such as controlled release fertilisers ( CRF ) which released their alimentary contents bit by bit to carry through with the alimentary demand of a works. The social deductions of nanotechnology in dirt betterment emerged in many facets such as nanotechnology-specific ordinance should be introduced, compulsory labeling of all nanoproducts in nutrients is required ( o rdinance facet ) , nanomaterials in dirt fertiliser may make new possible wellness hazards, nanofertilizer may make new sorts of taint in dirts and waterways ( environment facet ) , marginalize poorer husbandmans ( economic system facets ) . The dirt betterment by nanotechnology must followed by a good direction and control from maker, authorities, public, and interest holders to undertake unwanted or negative deductions moreover. Keywords ; nanotechnology ; soil betterment ; controlled release fertilisers Introduction Nanotechnology has been described as the following new industrial revolution. Nanotechnology is broad involvement all over the universe and brings a new imaginativeness. The development of the topic has multiplied exponentially from a few old ages because of possibility to do things better and cheaper. The US National Nanotechnology Initiative ( NNI ) calls it â€Å" nanotechnology † merely if it contain all of the undermentioned: Research and engineering development from the atomic, molecular to macromolecular degrees, in graduated table of about 1 – 100 nanometre scope, bring forthing and utilizing constructions, devices and systems that have alone belongingss and maps, and capableness to command on the atomic graduated table. A nanometre is one-billionth of a metre. The thickness of a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometres ; diameter of a individual gold atom is about a 3rd of a nanometre. Different physical, chemical, and biological belongingss can look in stuff s at the nanoscale. These belongingss may be different from the belongingss of majority stuffs and individual atoms or molecules. The first ground why nanotechnology can germinate and emerge significantly because the intensifying research Fieldss of nanotechnology are normally thought to be extremely multidisciplinary because they come together from many countries of scientific discipline and engineering to do of import progresss ( Figure 1 ) . The word convergence means the united from different waies of antecedently tantamount but independent countries of scientific discipline and engineering. Second ground, Nanotechnology can be applied in many sectors from agribusiness, chemical, telecom, energy, and many more ( Figure 2 ) . It helps sectors to make new and advanced merchandises which better, more efficient, effectual, and cheaper. Figure 1. The place of nanoscience and nanotechnology over a basal map of scientific discipline in Science Citation Index ( SCI ) Both developed and developing states are puting in this engineering to obtain better market distribution. At 2004, the first state which had invested 2.943 billion Euros is USA. The 2nd is Japan about 2.29 billion Euros and the 3rd is the European Union about 1.94 billion Euros ( Figure 3 ) . The sum of support in developing states may be lesser ; nevertheless this has non turn down the impact of some states on the worldwide phase. India, South Korea, Iran, and Thailand are besides investing with applications particular to their economic development and demands of their states. Nanotechnologies may offer new solutions for the 1000000s of people in developing states who are short of accessing to indispensable demands, such as nutrient, H2O, energy, wellness attention, and instruction. Food Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) calculates about that 1.02 billion people are hungry all around the universe in 2009. The United Nations has agreed to construct Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) for work outing the jobs. One of MDG Goals is to extinguish utmost poorness and hungriness. This end can be achieved by nanotechnology encouragements harvest ‘s productiveness in agricultural sector. A new fertiliser, a better nutrient processing, and a new efficient and safe pesticides can be achieved by a new detector or techniques with nanotechnology enabled. Figure 3. Worldwide public and private outgo in 2004 Nanotechnologies may offer new solutions for the 1000000s of people in developing states who are short of accessing to indispensable demands, such as nutrient, H2O, energy, wellness attention, and instruction. Food Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) calculates about that 1.02 billion people are hungry all around the universe in 2009. The United Nations has agreed to construct Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) for work outing the jobs. One of MDG Goals is to extinguish utmost poorness and hungriness. This end can be achieved by nanotechnology encouragements harvest ‘s productiveness in agricultural sector. A new fertiliser, a better nutrient processing, and a new efficient and safe pesticides can be achieved by a new detector or techniques with nanotechnology enabled. Soil direction is playing of import function in agribusiness sector. Dirts are composite mixtures of solids with atom sizes about from nanometres to millimetres. Nanotechnology has brought up new chances to progress alimentary usage efficiency. With nanofertilizers emerging as replacement to conventional fertilisers, repairing foods in dirts better. It has helped to unwrap to new findings that works roots and micro-organisms can straight pick up alimentary ions from solid stage of minerals. Some researches had been done to better dirt direction, such as controlled release fertilisers ( CRF ) which is released their alimentary contents bit by bit to carry through the alimentary demand of a works. In 1996, the Polish applied a mixture of polysulfone and polyacrylonitrile as the surfacing stuff, and construct the industrial application of the fertiliser. The latest research is â€Å" Super combined fertiliser † and pesticide conducted by Pakistan-US Science and Technology Coopera tive Program 2006 to do fertiliser with slow release of active component, and application of fertiliser merely needs one clip through the life of the harvest. Figure 2. Nanotechnology toward perpendicular sectors The merchandises had been available in market which contains nanomaterials such as Primo MAXX works growing regulator which is manufactured by Syngenta. It contains 100nm atom size emulsion which alleged the highly little atom size allows Primo MAXX to intermix wholly with H2O and non remain in a spray armored combat vehicle. The last is Geohumus Soil Wetting Agent which is manufactured by Geohumus. It contains biocompatible high public presentation polymer which alleged dirt foil with H2O storage capacity based on nanotechnology. As nanotechnology improves the dirt direction patterns particularly in nanofertilizer, therefore hiking productiveness of harvests, there will be many deductions in society on many facets. The facets that we will discourse are ordinance, wellness issue, environments, and economic system. This paper seeks to help common people to understand the deductions and therefore assisting people to expect and extenuate any jobs or negatives deductions.DiscussionRegulationThere are four chief issues in ordinance facet. They are precautional rule, hazard direction ordinance, compulsory labeling and transparence. First issue is precautional rule. Nanomaterials in nanofertilizer should be regard as a new chemical affair and should be treated in precautional rule. The precautional rule is principle in moral and political that if action, policy, or merchandise may do injury to the people or to environment, where there is no scientific discipline cogent evidence otherwise, the duty to turn out is on t he people who taking the action. Before nanofertilizer available in market, the authorities should analyze from the fiction procedure until waste direction ( cradle to sculpt appraisals ) . Government must utilize precautional attack to halt the release of manufactured nanomaterials until there is sufficient cogent evidence that the benefits out without any bad effects. Nanotechnology-specific ordinance should be published to protect the populace, workers and the environment from impending new hazards related with nanotoxicity [ 14 ] . Second issue is risk direction ordinance. The authorities must hold a hazard direction ordinance about nanomaterials in nanofertilizer. Risk direction consists of jeopardy appraisal, jeopardy word picture, and exposure appraisal. Hazard appraisals are designation of the intrinsic capacity of a substance to do harmful effects, without trouble of such effects and quantitative rating of bad effects following exposure to a chemical stuff. Exposure appraisal is quantitative rating of exposure of worlds and the environment to the substance. Risk word picture is quantitative appraisal of the chance that a bad consequence will happen, and of its trouble and period under defined exposure fortunes [ 16 ] . Third issue is compulsory labeling. Compulsory labeling of all nanofoods is needed to do people to take the nutrients what is good for them [ 15 ] . Labeling is of import issue because it can consequence of nanofood ‘s sale. Many manufacturers love to conceal the facts that their merchandises grew utilizing nanofertilizer because many people afraid to purchase a new engineering in their nutrient. This job can be solved by market instruction through a batch and good of advertisement and authorities blessing. The last issue is transparency. Public must cognize all relevant informations related to safety rating, and the methodological analysiss used to obtain them. The populace should hold the chance to be involved in determination doing about in the nanofood and agribusiness sector with nanotechnology enabled. Manufacturers and ordinance must work together to do certain that their merchandises have been passed appropriate safety testing, and must give the relevant informations about the wellness and environmental safety of their merchandise [ 14 ] .HealthNanomaterials in nanofertilizer may make new possible hazards. The grounds are nanomaterials are more reactive, greater entree than larger atoms. This leads into nanotoxic that may impact human immune system and longer clip. Human may hold nanomaterial and acquire ill because the defensive system is non good at taking nanomaterial which is more adhesive and easy to infiltrate into human tissues and cells. A new device or detector is needed to observe happenings of nanomaterials in human organic structure. The detector should be accurate, fast, and easy to utilize for ordinary people like thermometer. As nanomaterial had taken to human organic structure, we need tools, medical specialty or surgery process to take unwanted nanomaterials. The medical specialty should be cheaper and easy to get where nanofertilizer applied. The workers in nanofertilizer fiction may hold higher degrees of nanomaterial exposure than the populace. The husbandman and the workers who applied nanofertilizer are more vulnerable to nanomaterial exposures. Therefore, a lastingness and good defender such as a new masquerader and glove must be worn all the times when using nanofertilizer. The standard process operation ( SOP ) when using nanofertilizer should be more item and accurate than SOP in ordinary chemical fertiliser.EnviromentAgricultural merchandises incorporating nanomaterials from production, usage, and disposal will dispatch nanomaterials into the environment. There is a alteration when nanofertilizer will hold bad ecological consequence to environment worse than conventional fertiliser because of let go ofing new sorts of dirt and waterway ‘s taint [ 14 ] . Conventional fertiliser showed some bad consequence such as overgrowth H2O jacinth and algae in pool because of inordinate food in the H2O, therefore killin g other being beneath the works. The rain can rinse off nanofertilizer from dirts to waterways. Nanomaterials in nanofertilizer can respond with micro-organism in the H2O. It may ensue in micro-organism loss or booming. The environment may besides endure from uncontrolled growing of unwanted workss. Some waterways in few states used as natural stuff to carry through H2O supplies. A new H2O filter is needed to take unwanted nanomaterials to clean up the H2O before administering to community. Some utile bacteriums in the dirt may endure because reaction with nanomaterials or in other ways unwanted bacteriums is dining therefore it do land debasement. The effects of nanofertilizer even in really small life should be monitored all the timesEconomyThe agribusiness and nutrient industries show nanotechnology patents have been increased really fast. Patents on seeds, pesticide, fertiliser and other techniques in agribusiness and nutrient are already controlled amongst a few large corporations in several developed states. N anotechnology is high barrier engineering, means lone states with good fiscal beginnings and good committedness can command and monopolise nanotechnology along with private companies. Nanofertilizer ‘s monetary value and supply in the universe may order merely by a few companies in developed states. These developed states normally introduce the new engineering into developing states by government-government ( G-G ) understandings. The developed states provide nanofertilizer with inexpensive monetary value in 5 or 10 old ages to developing husbandmans in the name of assistance. If the husbandman is going depended on nanofertilizer to hike their harvest ‘s productiveness, the companies will increase the monetary value and play the supplies to the husbandman. Some states may subsidise the husbandman to purchase nanofertilizer. The companies will hold net income enormously because the husbandman in developing states is abundant. In the terminal, husbandman in developing states may be marginalising of this capitalist economy actionDecisionsNanotechnology is an emerging new engineering. Nanotechnology has opened up new opportunities to better food usage efficiency. The development of nanofertilizer should be good calculated with sustainable agribusiness patterns to extinguish po orness and hungriness in the universe. Hiking the harvests ‘ productiveness is the same importance as prolonging the environment and human wellness. The dirt betterment by nanotechnology must followed by a good direction and control from industry, authorities, public, and interest holders to undertake unwanted or negative deductions furthermore

Difference in Sunni and Shia Muslims

The difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims is not Islamic beliefs or spiritual differences, but politics. The division of Sunni and Shia Muslims started after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Sunni Muslims believed that the new leader of the Muslim nation should be elected out of those most capable of the job. Shia Muslims believed that leadership should be passed to his cousin or son-in-law. The leader was elected out of those most capable of the job. Abu Bakr was the first Caliph of the Islamic nation. The word â€Å"Sunni† in Arabic means â€Å"one who follows the traditions of the Prophet. † The word â€Å"Shia† in Arabic means â€Å"a group or supportive party of people. † They are also known as â€Å"followers of the Prophet. † Shias believe that Imams are descendants of the Prophet. Sunnis accept that the first four Caliphs were followers of Mohammad, but do not grant any kind of divinely inspired status to their clerics. Afghanistan is made up of 84 percent Sunnis and 15 percent Shias. Most Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims, while most Hazaras are Shia Muslims. In â€Å"The Kite Runner† Amir and Baba are Sunni Muslims and Hassan and Ali are Shia Muslims. Hazaras are generally Shia Muslims and Pashtuns are generally Sunni Muslims. They have different beliefs but between Amir and Hassan it does not make a difference. Hassan is called derogatory names by Assef and some others because he is a Hazara and a Shia Muslim. Amir is not because he is a Pashtun and a Sunni Muslim.

Business Theory Comparison Essay -- Business

2. A solely profit based business model would define stockholder theory in which the paramount goal of the business is to produce the most earnings for their stockholders. Prioritizing profits over a positive public image Goldman Sachs becomes an excellent example of stockholder theory. Entitlement and Desert theory can be used to support stockholder theory. 3. When stock is purchased in a company that person is entitled to the profits or loses that those shares in stock are worth, entitlement theory supports stockholder theory in which stockholders are entitled to reap the benefits of stock as long as it has been purchased justly. Desert theory states that if the action is morally right, then the person should be able to reap the benefits and take the loses. Stockholder theory supports this as being a stockholder in a company is morally accepted, but if an unethical act is preformed in buy or selling stock Desert Theory would not support Stockholder Theory. When Martha Stewart was arrested for insider trading she demonstrated that doing an in-moral act voids Desert Theory. 4. Stockholder theory revolves around pleasing one stakeholder, the stockholders; Stakeholder Theory broadens up that view to try and please all of the stakeholders. The Ben and Jerry's company was a good example of Stakeholder Theory as they kept the pay differences between the CEO and lowest paid worker to only ten fold. Utilitarianism and Virtue Ethics Theory can be used to suppon company and benefit from the earnings that stock can bring. 9. Stockholder and Stakeholder Theory being vastly different become the extremes on a business ethics spectrum, between these lie the Kantian Minimum view and Rawlsian Position. Kantian Minimum view lies closer to Stockholder view, but the main difference is to not treat any stakeholder group as a mere means to a end. The Rawlsian Position lies closer to Stakeholder view in which life is not fair, but if you did not have knowledge in what position you would be in, you would choose the situation that would benefit your best interest. Upon overview of the four views the Rawlsian Position would be most ethically justified. It is benefiting from net happiness in which there is no vast difference between stakeholder groups, and there is also room for promotion between groups as all stakeholders are not even.

A Pro Life Philosophy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Pro Life Philosophy Paper - Essay Example Yet, the strongest critics of abortion come from the community of Christianity. How do we reconcile that what is basically an atheist philosophy falls in line with traditional Christianity on being pro-life The reason lies in the misconception that religion has held over the centuries that it is the sole province of morality. However, where religion has surrendered the responsibility for morality to an ever-present God, Epicurian philosophy dictates that the responsibility lies within the self. The fault with abortion is not political, social, or religious. It is the internal anxiety we feel about the issue. This is critical. There is no one that is pro-abortion. They may agree that the right should exist, but they can not argue that the specific action is valid. Abortion causes pain and a life filled with the anxiety of having terminated what may have been a child. It is not God that will judge you for this, it will be your own self doubts. What was most important in Epicurus' philosophy of nature was the overall conviction that our life on this earth comes with no strings attached; that there is no Maker whose puppets we are; that there is no script for us to follow and be constrained by; that it is up to us to discover the real constraints which our own nature imposes on us. Blinded by this disassociation... It is because this is the life there is and this is the one that matters. "Not because God has decreed that such things are 'immoral', but because it is stupid to do anything that would cause you to worry about anything." (Inwood and Gerson). If we knew that our actions would never be revealed, we might do anything. We would have no worry about consequences and we could be as immoral as we chose. However, social norms dictate behaviors that people will find out, we will be uncovered, and we will be left standing naked against the wind of truth. If God does not exist and there is no future judgment, what purpose does a moral life have Konstan illustrates the philosophy when he says, "Where law obtains, Epicurus indicates, it is preferable not to commit crimes, even secret ones, since there will always be anxiety over the possibility of detection, and this will disrupt the tranquillity or ataraxy that is the chief basis of happiness in life". So how does this relate to abortion At the most basic level, abortion takes place at the very beginning of life and as such is central to our anxirty. Critics of the pro-life stance point to individual privacy and the right to remain independent. The capitalist viewpoint is expressed as,A fetus does not have a right to be in the womb of any woman, but is only in there by her permission. The woman may revoke this permission at any time. Rights are not permissions; permissions are not rights. The woman gives this permission, because it is her body -- and not the fetus's body, and certainly not the government's body ("Abortion is pro-life") Though this is an undeniable truth, the consequences will still haunt you. The anxiety that we seek to

Soviet Unions Involvement in Israels 1967 six day war and the gains Research Paper

Soviet Unions Involvement in Israels 1967 six day war and the gains - Research Paper Example Soviet Union played a major role in causing the 1967 six day war between Israel and Arab countries. Soviet Union was one among the strongest supporters of Israel earlier at the time of Israel’s formation. However, Soviet Union released later that because of the cultural similarities, Israel was getting more polarized towards United States. Israel’s increasing relationships with America, forced Soviet Union to look for other options in the Middle East. On the other hand, Arab countries were looking for an opportunity to establish stronger relationships with Soviet Union in order to counter the combined threats of America and Israel. Thus, Soviet Union established stronger relations with many of the Arab countries including Egypt in the 1960’s. Soviet Union was the major arm supplier for the Arab countries during this period. â€Å"The Soviet Union’s growing influence in the Middle East worried Israel as did Egypt’s ever growing hauls of Soviet weapo ns†1 Soviet Union had other intentions in strengthening the tension between Arab countries and Israel. In fact they were trying to catch fish from the muddy water.They calculated that the Arab countries had less powerful intelligences and it is easy to mislead these countries to with false information. In other words, Soviet Union supplied false intelligence to Arab countries in the 1960’s in order to strengthen their interests in Middle East region. One such false intelligence information supplied to Egypt by Soviet Union resulted in the six day war in 1967 between Israel and Arab countries... Soviet Union and Six Day war In 1960’s, â€Å"Soviets took on the role of armorer for both Syria and Egypt, supplying them with modern tanks, aircraft and later missiles†3. Israel had certain concerns about the increasing weapon accumulation by the Arab countries. They rightly calculated that these weapons may one day use against them if a war breaks out. Soviet Union did everything possible to increase the concerns of both Israel and the Arab countries. On one side, Soviet Union gave a strong message to Israel that they are ready to attack Israel’s critical places and on the other side, Soviet cultivated a feeling of insecurity among the Arab nations because of the fabricated threats from Israel. Western diplomats also played their own role in causing the six day war. A British foreign ministry official told an Israeli diplomat during this period that â€Å"the Soviet Unions would give it backing to Egypt if and when the latter decided to launch a preemptive wa r†4. In short, both Soviet Union and the Western countries played their parts in causing the six day war. However, Soviet Union seems to be more interested than the westerners in conducting this war because of their strategic interests in the Middle Eastern region. â€Å"Soviet Union’s objectives in the Middle Eastern region were included the control of Suyez Canal and cutting the oil supplies to the European powers†5. Soviet Union expected two birds for one shot by conducting the six day war. They thought that with the help of a war between Israel and Arab countries, they could have destabilized Israel from one end and cut the transport of oil supplies to European countries. During this period, all the commercial

Thesis comments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thesis comments - Essay Example Instead Coase focused on factors within the organization which impacted economic activity. Coasian theory later became the foundation for what is today called internalization theory, one of the most significant theories to emerge in the study of multinational enterprises (Rugman & Verbecke, 2008). This theory suggests that foreign production and sales of a multinational business take place in response to imperfections in the goods and services markets. Buckley and Casson (1976) established the modern conception of this theory by suggesting three premises: 1) firms maximize profit in a world of imperfect markets, 2) the imperfect nature of the markets for intermediate products motivates firms to bypass them by creating internal markets, and 3) internalization of markets across national boundaries generates multinational enterprises. Thus, the multinational organization is seen as a device for raising efficiency by replacing external markets with an internal market within the company . Caves (2007) suggests that the establishment of a subsidiary by a multinational enterprise amounts to the entry into one national market based on needs created by another market. One type of entry is horizontal expansion whereby a subsidiary produces the same product (or product line) as the parent company. Another is vertical expansion or integration across national borders either backwards in order to obtain raw materials or other intermediate products needed by its main operations, or forwards to provide a distribution channel for its exports. Consequently there are three types of organizations potentially relevant to multinational enterprises. The first is a horizontally integrated firm, meaning a firm which produces essentially the same product line for each of the geographic markets where it has a presence. The second is a vertically integrated firm, meaning a firm that produces outputs in some of its plants which serve as inputs to others of its plants. The third is a diver sified company, whose plant outputs are neither horizontally nor vertically related to one another (Caves, 2007). Hymer’s (1976) theory of international operations highlighted two major motivators of international operations, namely the exploitation of oligopolistic advantages and the removal of conflict between firms to strengthen market power by means of collusion. He states, It frequently happens that enterprises in different countries compete with each other because they sell in the same market or because some of the firms sell to other firms. If the markets are imperfect, that is, if there is horizontal or bilateral monopoly or oligopoly, some form of collusion will be profitable. One form of collusion is to have the various enterprises owned and controlled by one firm. This is one motivation for firms to control enterprises in foreign countries. (Hymer, 1976, p. 25). Hymer emphasizes that direct foreign investment is not motivated by interest rates but rather by potenti al profits which can be derived by controlling a foreign enterprise. Vernon’s product cycle model (1966) is an important macroeconomic approach to understanding international business. This theory describes the product cycle as consisting of three primary phases: innovation, growth, and maturation. During the last, maturation stage of the product, the

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Gun Control - Research Paper Example Thesis statement: The research work on gun control proves that the possession of semi automatics by average people must be prohibited because military firearms must not be used by civilians, and uncontrolled possession of firearms ultimately leads to violence, injuries, and increase in mortality rate. Background information In the modern world, arms industry controls the production and supply of weapons in international level. In addition, civilian ownership and possession of weapons is interconnected with the growth and development of arms industry in global level. At the same time, development of arms industry indirectly influences the illegal trade and possession of weapons. During the Civil War era, the African American slaves were not allowed to own weapons, especially guns. So, one can see that gun control in America is deeply rooted in the socio-political scenario. Kristin A. Goss states that, â€Å"The image of America as a gun culture is also at odds with attitudes toward g un ownership† (6). But the freedom from slavery was not helpful for the African Americans to gain the freedom to possess weapons for self-defense. In 18th century, the arms industry began to influence the national politics and most states in America began to provide importance to the revenue from arms industry. So, the civilians began to consider the possession of arms as their right. Besides, legal sanction to purchase and possess of weapons was equally important to the states and the arms industry. Now, the ownership of weapons is a burning issue in the society because the same leads to a number of legal and moral problems. So, one can easily identify the fact that lobbying is an important factor that prevents the government from taking apt decision on gun control. Gun control Acts/laws in U.S. The most important gun control Acts/laws in the U.S. include: the National Firearms Act (1934), the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, the Gun Control Act of 1968, th e Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1993) and the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (2005). The National Firearms Act (1934) deals with the taxation on the production and supply of firearms in the U.S. Geraldine Woods states that, â€Å"Buyers, who also paid a high tax, were to be fingerprinted and investigated before the purchase could be completed† (33). One can see that this Act aims to control the illegal production and supply of firearms. The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, deals with the supply and possession of weapons in the U.S. Besides, this Act aimed to control the production and possession of weapons in the U.S. The Gun Control Act of 1968 deals with the control on firearms industry and those who possess weapons. One can see that this Act aims to control illegal transportation of weapons in the U.S. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1993) aims to control the uncontrolled purchasing of weapons by the civilians in U.S. Larry J. Siegel states that, â€Å"The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993, amending the Gun Control Act of 1968, imposed a waiting period of five days before a licensed importer, manufacturer, or dealer may sell, deliver, or transfer a handgun to an unlicensed individual† (145). To be specific, this Act authorizes the authorities to collect information on those who decide to own weapons and to take apt decisions on the same. The

'The reader does not have to be a deconstructionist to see that the Literature review

'The reader does not have to be a deconstructionist to see that the Victorian text is often divided against itself, proclaimin - Literature review Example When looking at â€Å"Jane Eyre† and â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† it can be seen that there are specific concepts related to the text that show socio – political undertones of the time. Jeckyll and Hyde and Victorian Literature The different socio – political context which was seen in Victorian literature is defined by the undertone of the main issues of Victorian society. A representative of this is â€Å"Dr. Jeckyll and Mr. Hyde.† This specific book is not only noted as one in which there are specific innovations which allow the main character to turn from one personality to another. The undertones which are a part of this create a sense of imagination in specific reference to the political, economic and social status of those within society. The book works as a main reference to the components which are occurring in society through the actions the main character takes. The character, plot line and the outcome all work as a metaphor of what is occurring within the society at the time as well as how this is associated with the concepts and philosophies of the socially elite class. The book turns into one which is based on the intellectual ideologies of the elite class and references the opposition to the several changes occurring within society (Cherry, 195). There are several moments when this book shows the main reference to changes occurring in society. The first metaphor is with the character of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, specifically as technology is the main key to turning the main character from one to the other. The personality of the character changes into one which is considered a part of the community while the other is considered monstrous. The character notes this difference, specifically by his own understanding of his alternative character. For instance, when speaking to a girl, he changes his character instantly. â€Å"He had in his hand a heavy cane, with which he was trifling; but he answered never a word, and seemed to listen with an ill – contained impatience. And then all of a sudden he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane, and carrying on like a madman† (Stevenson, 33). This specific reference shows the dichotomy of the time, specifically with he changes in character from the lack of control which was a part of the changes. The alteration into Mr. Hyde is one which is expressive of the inability to control the machinery and manmade materials of the time which were being revered at the time, while turning men in society which were considered evenly tempered into mad men. The question which arises is based on what the machinery, industry and the changes in society would lead men to do, both with their own personalities and when having the interference of machinery. Not only are there references to the technology and movement into industrialization. There is also a division between romanticism and realism which takes place th roughout the book. The concept of romanticism comes from the possibilities which can take place with the use of technology and the innovations which may occur. The realism is based on the components based on the unknowing and the outcomes which may occur, as well as how this will create divisions in society. At the end of the book, this

Sharia Law and International Commercial Arbitration and Enforcing Dissertation - 1

Sharia Law and International Commercial Arbitration and Enforcing Foreign Judgments - Dissertation Example The purpose of the study was to explore the possibility of a conceptual harmonisation of conventional and Islamic arbitration between parties in different countries. The dissertation commences with a review of the historical development of arbitration in Islamic countries under Sharia law, in order to gain an understanding of the manner by which aspects of arbitration are perceived by the Muslim faithful. The discussion proceeds along this line to the philosophy behind salient concepts in the Islamic faith, particularly those elements that are seen to be of greatest disparity with conventional concepts. After examining these differences specifically as they pertain to Saudi Arabian law, the accession of the Kingdom to the various international conventions governing arbitral judgments and awards, their recognition and enforcement, as discussed. From this vantage point, the likelihood of integration of international legal development and legal development under Sharia law is assessed. The paper concludes that conceptual and philosophical consistencies exist between both systems that could viably form the basis for a harmonised law – an international arbitration law embodying provisions that blend with Sharia principles, and the evolution of Sharia law to be consistent with international law. Acknowledgements Table of Contents Abstract 1 Table of Contents 4 7 Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Question 8 1.1Chapter Overview 8 1.2Background to the study 9 1.3Alternative dispute resolution systems 10 1.4Background of international commercial arbitration and award enforcement 11 1.5 Research objective and research question 14 1.6 Research methodology 14 1.7 Scope and Limitations 15 15 16 CHAPTER 2 16 Chapter 2: Development of Arbitration Law in the Islamic countries( Middle East) 16 2.1 Chapter Overview 16 2.2 History and Development in Middle East regional arbitration law 17 2.3 Conflicts between International Commercial Arbitration and Sharia law 22 2.4 Re conciliation of ICA with Sharia principles 32 2.5 On the possibility of harmonising Sharia principles with international arbitration law 34 2.6 Chapter Summary 36 37 CHAPTER 3 37 Chapter 3: Islamic Principles In Commercial Law and Arbitration 38 3.1 Chapter Overview 38 3.2 Islamic teachings related to business and commerce 38 3.3 The practice of Sulh 40 3.4 The Islamic principle of Ijtihad 41 3.5 The teachings of Islam with regard to arbitration 43 3.6 Arbitration in terms of the perspective of Sharia Law 46 3.6.1 Legality of Arbitration from the Quran 46 3.6.2 Legality of Arbitration from the Sunnah 48 3.6.3 Legality of Arbitration from the Secondary Sharia Sources 49 3.7 Enforcing foreign judgments and awards 50 3.8 Chapter Summary 52 54 CHAPTER 4 54 55 Chapter 4: Implementation of International Commercial Arbitration in Saudi Arabia 55 4.1 Chapter Overview 55 4.2 The acceptance by Islamic countries of the global system of arbitration 55 4.3 Arbitration in terms of the perspective of Saudi Law 57 4.3.1 The concept of Arbitration in Saudi Law and its Characteristics 57 4.3.2 International Commercial Arbitration in Saudi Arabia 57 4.4 Chapter Summary 59 Chapter 5: Synthesis of Saudi Arbitration Law and International Commercial Arbitration 61 5.1 Chapter Overview