Private Finance Initiative and UKs Construction Industry Essay

Private Finance Initiative and UKs Construction Industry - Essay Example Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is a device employed by United Kingdom’s government to arguably to make the construction industry more competitive and more profitable. This does not come as a surprise since the UK construction industry provides a tenth of the UK's gross domestic product, employs 1.4 million people and is worth around  £65 billion per annum. With an output of  £81.9bn in 2006, the UK construction industry is ranked in the global top ten. Thus, it is only then logical to support the industry. PFI is a way of funding major new public building projects such as hospitals, schools, prisons and roads. Private consortiums, usually involving large construction firms, are contracted to both design and build a new project, and also to manage it. The contracts typically last for 30 years. The building is not publicly owned but leased by a public authority, such as a council or health trust, from the private consortium. The private consortium raises the cash to build the project. It is then paid back with interest by the government through regular payments over the period of the contract. PFI projects could be viewed as a means of enabling government services to be "outsourced" to private sector suppliers. PFI is not the same as privatization as the Government retains ultimate responsibility to the public for the service concerned. Outside the UK, PFI is more commonly known as Public Private Partnerships (PPP). The policy has not been without its critics. As with any form of hire purchase, buying something on tick is more expensive than paying for it up front. The Edinburgh Royal Infirmary is often cited as an example of how expensive the PFI can be. It cost  £180m to build and will cost  £900m to pay for. ... Use of PFI in the Construction Industry Since the advent of PFI, the construction industry has found itself on much more stable ground. Between 2001 and 2002, its output is estimated to have increased by 9.7%. According to the Major Contractors Group (MCG), a major construction trade association which represents UK firms such as Carillion (formerly part of Tarmac), Costain and Amec, construction companies engaged in the private finance initiative expect to make between three and ten times as much money as they do on traditional contracts. (Research and Markets Online, 2003) Bill Tallis, the director of MCG, said construction firms traditionally received rates of return of 1.5% to 2% on contracts but were now expecting margins of 7.5% to 15% on PFI building schemes. The high profit available to investors in PFI schemes explains why John Laing PLC has sold off its basic construction company and bought up stakes held in such projects by hard-pressed Amey PLC. (Macalister, 2003) This strategy is reinforced by figures from the European Construction Industry Federation (ECIF), which show that the UK construction sector grew by over 8% last year while its counterpart in Germany and France slumped by 2.5% and 0.7% respectively. (UK DTI Online, 2007) The UK government defends PFI by its use of something called the 'public sector comparator'. This shows whether or not privately financed schemes offer better value for money than conventional funding. The main problem with this is that the government has provided an accounting device called 'risk costing' which has meant that private firms generally emerge as winners. When a consortium of private companies agrees to build something for a public

Biodiesel Is Good For Our Country Essay Example for Free

Biodiesel Is Good For Our Country Essay While world population, technology and civilization continues to advance, the pressure on the Earth’s resources is rapidly advancing as well. Humankind has set his environmental footprint deeper and deeper into the planet’s renewable and non-renewable resource. But there’s not turning back to caveman days. Scientists and researchers have not ceased to continually find sources of fuel that will help mankind survive in an environmentally sustainable manner. Using renewable energy has been invented a long time ago. â€Å"Biomass in the form of firewood still represents the main fuel source for many of the world’s people and conventional large-scale hydroelectric generation is a major existing use of a renewable energy source. However, wood fuel is becoming increasingly scarce and given the high capital cost of large hydro projects and, in some cases, major environmental impacts of such schemes, there has been growing interest in smaller scale hydro plants around the world. † (Elliot, 1997. P. 103) Interest in developing biodiesel as an alternative source for engine power has increased. Biodiesel’s growing popularity stems from the fact that its source is available in many parts of the country. Its easy availability helps the country be less dependent on countries that supply oil. For biodiesel consumers, the National Biodiesel Board has a complete listing of registered biodiesel suppliers. â€Å"Biodiesel, which is made from agricultural products such as recycled cooking oil or soybeans, can be used in its pure form known as biodiesel B100 or mixed in any percentage with conventional diesel fuel. The most typical commercial blend involves 80 percent diesel oil to 20 percent biodiesel or biodiesel B20. † (Qualters, 2003) Quality biodiesel is nontoxic. Since most of the raw materials used in biodiesel is made from organic material, it is generally biodegradable as well. The bio fuel emits lesser carcinogens as compared to the regular diesel fuel. In the US alone, an estimated 10 million miles has been driven by biodiesel and biodiesel blends. Clean Cities programs have many success stories on using biodiesel. â€Å"In 2000, biodiesel became the only alternative fuel in the country to have successfully completed the EPA-required Tier I and Tier II health effects testing under the Clean Air Act. These independent tests conclusively demonstrated biodiesel’s significant reduction of virtually all regulated emissions, and showed biodiesel does not pose a threat to human health. † (Biodiesel Board, 2006) Some skeptics fear using biodiesel fuel and its blends because there is need of engine modifications. Studies and use of biodiesel has proven that the usual engine designs are fully compatible with biodiesel. Maintenance costs are just as comparable to conventional diesel vehicles. â€Å"In older vehicles, high-percentage blends of biodiesel (greater than 20%) can affect fuel hoses and pump seals made from certain elastomers. The effect is lessened with lower percentage blends. Elastomers (found in hoses and gaskets) that are biodiesel-compatible are required for use with B100 and high-percentage biodiesel blends. All diesel fuels require special measures for use in cold temperatures. Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than conventional diesel. † (EERE, 2006) Using biodiesel is good for the country because of its political, economic and social benefits. Since it is domestically produced, the country would not have to be forever negotiating with world crude oil prices. Each time the oil rich countries change their prices, domestic consumption is affected. An example of this effect is when the country had to maximize daylight to save fuel consumption. â€Å"Brawny diesel engines have helped drive the world economy for more than a century. From an economic and operational perspective, theres little reason to expect that will change anytime soon. Diesels big draws are power, durability, and an inherent advantage over gasoline: higher energy content and resulting fuel efficiency. † (Weinhold, 2002. P 1) Economic benefits may not be readily seen in the short term but in the long term, as more people use biodiesel, the cost of biodiesel will be more competititive due to the economies of scale. Advancing technology research on biodiesel blends will be able to further develop biodiesel blends that have even better chemical statistics such as: unburned hydrocarbons 20% reduction, carbon monoxide – 12 % reduction, and particulate matter – 12 % reduction. Even lubricity is made better with the use of biodiesel compared to the conventional fuel. Another benefit that can be derived from using this type of alternative fuel is the comparable performance that the consumer gets from it. â€Å"Horsepower, torque, acceleration, cruising speed, and fuel economy are similar to those for diesel fuel. The energy content of B100 is 10%-12% lower than conventional diesel. This leads to roughly 2% lower energy content in B20 blends. The cetane number for biodiesel is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel. † (EERE, 2006) Where average consumers look into the bottomline of fuels as the amount of power they can deliver, studies has continued to support the quality power that biodiesel can deliver as proven in the table and explanation below. â€Å"The values below represent those of energy content of average No. 2 diesel fuel and average biodiesel in the US. 2 While BTU changes of 1-2% can be picked up in lab tests for horsepower, torque, and fuel economy, in practice it is difficult to detect any differences with a 1-2% change in fuel BTU content outside normal variability experienced from day to day operations, even in closely monitored fleets. † (USEP, 2002) Average Density and Heating Value of Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel Net Heating Value % Difference vs. Fuel Density, g/cm3 Avg. , Btu/gal. No. 2 Diesel Avg. No. 2 Diesel 0. 850 129,500 Biodiesel (B100) 0. 880 , 296 8. 65 % B20 Blend (B20) 0. 856* 127,259* 1. 73 %* B2 Blend (B2) 0. 851* 129,276* 0. 17 %* * Calculated Values from those of No. 2 Diesel and Biodiesel (B100) The discovery of biodiesel was driven by the need to source fuel that is more compatible with the environment. This need was realized as petroleum prices increased, population demand on energy advanced and environmental degradation on the Earth’s resource was felt on largescale observations such as global warming. There will come a time when man will be able to run their technology on more organic and renewable forms of energy. The benefits that consumers get from biodiesel are essential in helping the country invest on other organic and more renewable and more available forms of energy. At best, if the country adopts using biodiesel on a larger percent consumption, political disputes may lessen its impact on social relationships between nations of the world. The 911 catastrophe and wars historically recalled have been the consequence of conflict between nations due to need to control scarce resource such as oil. For all its worth, it is imperative that consumers and the country invest on biodiesel because it is good for the consumers health as much as the country’s well being in the short term and the long run. References EERE, 2006. Using Biodiesel in Vehicles. http://www. eere. energy. gov/afdc/afv/bio_vehicles. html Elliot, David. 1997. Energy, Society, and Environment: Technology for a Sustainable Future. Routledge Qualters, Sheri. 2003. Area firms start to take a shine to biodiesel as an alternative fuel. Boston Business Journal February 10, 2003 http://boston. bizjournals. com/boston/stories/2003/02/10/focus1. html USEP, 2002. â€Å"A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions†, US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002. Weinhold, Bob. 2002. Fuel for the Long Haul? Diesel in America. Journal; Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, 2002

Product Life Cycle Of Cadbury Dairy Milk

Product Life Cycle Of Cadbury Dairy Milk Cadbury chocolates was started in Birmingham in 1824 by John Cadbury. Chocolate in those days was a very elitist product. Cadbury Dairy Milk came up with the mix of milk and chocolate tray which is pretty much how the product still is. There has been no drastic change in the recipe of the product but the packaging and the representation and prominence of the glass and half of milk logo has changed over a period of time. Cadbury India began its operations in 1948 by importing chocolates and then re-packing them before distribution in the Indian market. Today, Cadbury has five company-owned manufacturing facilities at Thane, Induri (Pune) and Malanpur (Gwalior), Bangalore and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and 4 sales offices (New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkota and Chennai). Its corporate office is in Mumbai.Worldwide, (http://www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/top-50-companies/cadbury-india.html) A Timeline: 1904   A new recipe is perfected by George Cadbury for milk chocolate. 1905   Cadbury launches Dairy Milk onto the market a new milk chocolate that contains far more milk than anything previously tasted and with a unique creamy taste. 1913   Dairy Milk becomes Cadburys best selling line. Mid 1920s   Dairy Milk becomes UK brand leader a position it still enjoys today. 1928   Fruit Nut is introduced as a variation of Dairy Milk. The glass and a half advertising slogan is introduced. 1933   WholeNut is added to the Dairy Milk family. 1948   Cadbury Dairy Milk is sold in India 1998   Dairy Milk is re-launched with the new and modern pack design, but its recipe and unique taste are still very similar to the original recipe. 2005   Cadbury Dairy Milk celebrates its 100th birthday. (http://www.innovation.cadbury.com/allaboutus/ourbrands/featurebrands/Pages/CadburyDairyMilk2.aspx?TabIndex=1) Brand Identity : Kapferers model Stage in the Product Life Cycle Cadbury Dairy Milk is in the maturity stage of the product Life cycle. It currently has a market share of 70% in the chocolate market and is way ahead of its competitors. There is a high degree of brand awareness. The colour purple and the glass and half full logo is amongst the most recognised logos and the association of the two with Cadbury Dairy Milk is synonymous. Market Scenario/Challenges According to AC Nielson study of 2007: Facts Figures The Indian Chocolate market is estimated to beat around 1500crores. It is growing at the rate of 18-20% per annum With 72% of the market share in India, Cadbury is the market leader. Companies The 2 main competitors in the Indian market that Cadbury faces any competition from are Nestle and Amul. There are several new and local brands like Candico, Sweet World etc. which are trying to make its presence felt. Consumer Trends The Mithaai or sweet has been the tradition in India so far. Chocolates are noow trying to break into that league and hence faces stiff competition more from this product category than its immediate competitors. Chocolates are more of an impulse buy. Consumers are preferring chocolates to Mithaai because of proper packaging, longer shelf life, mid-range pricing and convenience. Consumers have started showing interest in not just milk chocolates but other varieties like Dark Chocolate etc. One of the major challenges that Cadbury Dairy Milk faces is a decline in sales due to new variants being introduced in the market by other brands which could result in the product moving from maturity to decline stage. Another major challenge comes from a different product category altogether which is the Indian Sweets or Mithaai. Steps taken by brand at each stage- at a communication and product level Introduction Cadbury Dairy Milk advertising has always depicted a rich tapestry of human emotions and relationships. In the 1980s, it was positioned as the perfect expression of love, captured in memorable copy: sometimes Cadbury can say it better than words. During the early1990s, Cadbury Dairy Milk emphasised its international identity, communicating that it was the real taste of chocolate. In 1994 came the path-breaking real taste of life campaign. The ad featuring a woman running on the cricket field celebrating the victory is still strongly etched in our mind even today. This campaign created a dramatic shift in the way chocolates were perceived. Cadbury Dairy Milk has increasingly become trapped as a reward or bribe for children and this campaign unshackled the brand by re-positioning it to the free-child in every adult. Cadbury Dairy Milk redefined itself as the perfect expression of spontaneous, shared good feelings, providing the real taste of life experience. The strategy paid off: Bran d Cadbury grew by over 50% in sales volumes. (Super brands) Growth Then in 1998, the next stage of growth for the brand dealt with popularising consumption in a social context, especially in more traditional settings like weddings. With the campaign Khaanein waallon ko khaanein ka bahana chahiye featuring Cyrus Broacha, Cadbury Dairy Milk aimed to substantially increase penetration levels. The campaign was launched in tandem with the award winning Kuchh khaas haicampaign and the media strategy was to let the two co-exist towards a common vision: A Cadbury in every pocket. The brand penetrated into smaller towns and sales volumes grew by 40% (Source: Internal Sales Data). (Super brands) Crisis Management The worm controversy resulted in Cadburys brand image taking a beating. They had to recall a batch of chocolates. Instead of taking any short term measures, Cadbury used this opportunity to take action and rebuild the trust of people. They launched a project Vishwas which educated retailers and wholesalers on storage and other aspects apart from educating consumers. The other major step was to change the packaging. The companys repackaging exercise, which used a combination of packaging technologies, was unprecedented in the category. With the redesigned packaging in place, the company decided to communicate the measures it had taken to safeguard quality standards. To add credibility to its pitch, Cadbury took recourse to Amitabh Bachchans deep baritone. This was the first time that a celebrity was used to endorse Cadbury Dairy Milk. The commercial did wonders to consumer confidence. A series of ads with Bachchan including Pappu Paas ho Gaya to Miss Palampur brought back the lost credibility of the people. With Bachchan they also launched their new positioning of Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye bringing in the tradition of celebrating a joyous occasion in India with sweets and now Cadbury Dairy Milk in particular. Maturity The focus for a period shifted to taking the concept of Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye further. The Pehli Tareekh Hai campaigns talked about the importance of having Dairy Milk and celebrating on getting your pay on pay-day. The ads had a very retro-feel to it and did click with the audience. But, it is the recent string of Shubh Aarambh ads that have brought back the old charm of Cadbury Dairy Milk with its very interesting insight of mixing the traditional with the new age. Summary Cadbury Dairy Milk has adapted itself to the Indian market quite impressively. From making a sweet eating nation to switch to chocolates to becoming the market leader, Cadbury Dairy Milk has done it all because of the emotional connect it established with the consumers. Its communication also always focused on the emotional aspects and feelings of life apart from spontaneity. Its communication has always showcased its values and personality. In my opinion, the Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye concept is a goldmine which can be used in a variety of ways in a country like India.

Kurt Vonnegut Jr. :: Essays Papers

Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born November 11, 1922, in Indianapolis, Indiana, the son of, Kurt Vonnegut, Sr., a successful architect, and Edith Sophia Vonnegut. He had two older siblings, a brother Bernard, and a sister Alice. He attended Short ridge high school. This is where he first realized his talent for writing. He was the editor of the school newspaper. Kurt graduated in 1940, and after high school, attended Cornell University and studied bio-chemistry, and was also a columnist and editor of the Cornell daily sun. However, because of bad grades, Kurt found himself almost flunking out of Cornell University. He saved himself from expulsion by joining the army in 1942. While in the army, several devastating experiences happened to Kurt. First in 1944, he received the news that his mother had committed suicide. A few months later Kurt was captured by the German Army. He was forced to produce a vitamin enriched malt for pregnant women. While doing this he happened to survive the firebombing of Dresden. His book Slaughterhouse-five is partially about the bombing of Dresden. After being rescued by the Soviets, Vonnegut returned home. He was working as a Police Reporter for the Chicago News Bureau and studying anthropology at the University of Chicago. He later moved to Schenectedy, New York. Here he worked in Press Relations for the General Electric Plant. This experience that led to the creation of his first novel Player Piano, . It was after the publication of this novel that he moved to Rhode Island, while in addition to writing short stories, he taught High School English and opened the first Saab dealership in the United States. After realizing the shrinking of the Short Story market, he began concentrating entirely on

Small-Scale I.T. Infrastracture

This paper entitled I.T. Infrastracture for Andrea Stevens Cosmetics is a pre-formal draft for the proposed network design for the Stevens Cosmetics Information Technology system.This paper discusses the fundamental technical specifications needed to develop and implement the procedures needed to upgrade the hardware, software and procedures currently used by the company in the manufacturing and sales of the company's merchandise.This paper is limited as a draft and not intended as a complete project specification and technical reference for the project. Further verification and research is advised.In order to guarantee continuous usability of computer terminals and adaptability to emerging technologies for at least five (5) years in the future, it is advised that all terminals be upgraded to the latest Intel Core 2 Duo processors with at least 1 Gigabyte of memory. Video, sound and network cards are not mandatory. A wireless network adapter or two (2) USB 2 ports, however, are requi red in order to accommodate the network requirements to be discussed on the next points.Instead of individually shared printers, multi-functional network printers with the feature to set its own IP address is recommended. This will eliminate the dependency of the printers in having a host computer to necessitate its operation.

A Clock Work Orange essays

A Clock Work Orange essays This Stanley Kubrick film A Clock Work Orange is a multifaceted work of art with many different layers. One of the most prominent layers of this film is the one that relates to Behavior Modification. It shows quite colorfully the basic components of respondent conditioning such as; neutral stimulus (NS) unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and the conditioned response (CR). As well as higher order conditioning, discrimination and generalization. This movie expresses many of these aspects of behavior modification. Which is often portrayed in an obvious and over the top manner to prove a greater point. In doing so they have also illustrated some of the many misconceptions people have about behavior modification. In the beginning of this movie we are introduced to Alex, a young boy with a quick wit and a flare for Ultra Violence. The evil we see him indulged in before his "conditioning", starts with him and his gang maliciously beating an old homeless veteran and ends with him brutally killing a middle age well-to-do women. This last act of deviance lands him in jail and on the path to respondent conditioning. Respondent conditioning starts with the understanding that certain type of stimuli elicits a certain natural response. This is referred to as the US and the UR. In respondent conditioning we use these in conjunction with a neutral stimulus to get a CS and a CR. I will now identify the US, CS, UR, and CR as it pertains to the film. The behavior that was trying to be manipulated in this movie was Alexs evil tendencies towards sex and violence. The unconditioned stimulus the government used was the toxins they injected into Alex. This caused an unconditioned response of paralyzing nausea and dry heaving. They paired the dry heaving and nausea with videos of explicit violent sex scenes. There by making violence and sex the c ...

Every IB Business and Management Past Paper Available FREE and Official

Every IB Business and Management Past Paper Available FREE and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you want to do well on your IB exams (which you should since acing them will get you college credits), you need to prepare like you would for any standardized test such as the PSAT, SAT or ACT, with practice tests. Preparing for the IB exams doesn't simply mean reviewing your class notes. You should use IB Business and Management past papers as practice tests so that you feel prepared for the length, format, and types of questions asked. In this article, I'll provide you with links to IB Business and Management past papers, free and official. Additionally, I'll give advice on how to use them to ace your real IB test. Free IB Business and Management Past Papers Links The IB has cracked down on illegally uploaded real past papers in the last few years, so many previous sources are no longer available. Compounding this problem, IB so far has not provided any free sample IB Business and Management exam papers on its website. We'll be sure to update this article as soon as they do with links, though! While searching for "free IB Business and Management papers" online may still turn up some results, we do not recommend using them, as there's no guarantee those papers are real past IB papers. Instead, we recommend using the relatively inexpensive official paid IB past papers and markschemes for further practice. Paid IB Business and Management Past Papers Links To download safe and official IB Business and Management SL/HL past papers and markschemes, purchase them from the Follet IBO store directly. Currently, the IBO store has two sets of English-language IB Business and Management SL past papers and IB Business and Management HL past papers in the new, 2016-exam format: one set from May 2017 and one from November 2016. (There are a small number of past IB Business Management papers in French and Spanish available on the store as well.) Note: The IBO sells each paper and mark scheme individually (boo); an individual paper or mark scheme costs $3 (or about  £2.50). This means a full test (with all papers and mark schemes) will cost about $12. Buying everything on the site from 2015 to 2017 will be costly (not to mention in different languages), so we recommend you only buy the two most recent (November 2016 and May 2017) past papers. These past papers will be the most similar to your test, and two exams will provide plenty of practice. How to Use These Exams An IB Business and Management test will take you 3 hours for SL or 4.5 hours for HL. If you are going to invest that much time, you need to be maximizing your learning from these tests. To make sure you get the most out of each practice test, follow these rules: #1: Split the Test Over Two Days In May 2019, the IBO scheduled Paper 1 and Papers 2 on two separate days before and after a weekend. If possible, you should copy this schedule exactly so that your practice is realistic. At the very least, make sure you are taking the two papers on two different days. Having to hold on to the information over multiple days (with a weekend in-between!) makes it difficult to cram for this test. You need to have mastered the IB Business and Management concepts and be able to write intelligently about them. #2: Use Exact Timing. Make sure you time yourself so that you force yourself to practice your pacing. The time allowed per paper is: Business and Management SL Paper 1- 1 hour 15 minutes Paper 2- 1 hour 45 minutes Business and Management HL Paper 1- 2 hours 15 minutes Paper 2- 2 hours 15 minutes Do not stray from this timing, not even by a minute. You need to get used to the actual exam timing. Also, you’ll get an inflated practice exam score if you allow yourself extra time. Don’t do it! Stick to the real timing so that you have a realistic indicator of your IB score. #3 (and the most important): Review! After completing all papers, review your exam with the mark scheme. Why do you need to review? Reviewing helps you figure out what mistakes you are making or what information you do not know before you take the real IB Business and Management exam. If you don’t check your answers, you’ll make the same mistakes on the actual IB Business and Management test. Take some time (at minimum an hour) to review your answers. Taking one practice test with in-depth review is far superior to taking 8 tests without review. What’s Next? Learn more about IB Business and Management and related topics: IB Business and Management Study Guide Return on Assets: What It Is and How to Use It Check out where to find past papers for your other classes: Every IB Biology Past Paper Available: Free and Official Where to Find IB Chemistry Past Papers - Free and Official Every IB Economics Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB English Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Geography Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB History Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Math Past Paper Available: Free and Official Where to Find IB Physics Past Papers - Free and Official Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Role and Duties of the Governor General of Canada

Role and Duties of the Governor General of Canada The Queen or sovereign is the head of state in Canada. The Governor General of Canada represents the sovereign, and most of the powers and authority of the sovereign have been delegated to the Governor General. The role of the Canadian Governor General is mostly symbolic and ceremonial. The head of government in Canada is the Prime Minister, an elected political leader. Appointment of the Governor General The Canadian Governor General is selected by the Prime Minister of Canada, although the formal appointment is made by the Queen. The term of office of the Governor General is usually five years, but it is sometimes extended up to seven years. There is a tradition of alternating between anglophone and francophone Governors-General in Canada. Official Duties of the Governor General of Canada The official duties of the Governor General of Canada include: giving Royal Assent to bills passed in the Canadian House of Commons and Senatereading the Speech from the Throne which outlines the Canadian federal government agenda for a new session of Parliamentexecuting orders-in-council or cabinet decisionsappointing superior court judges, on the advice of ​the  cabinetsummoning, closing and dissolving Parliament, on the advice of the Prime Ministerinviting the leader of the party with the most support in the House of Commons to form the government. That party leader becomes Prime Minister.in times of emergency or special circumstances, exercising the special personal authority of the Governor General to appoint or dismiss a prime minister or dissolve Parliament. This authority is rarely used.receiving and sending ambassadors. The Canadian Governor General plays a strong role in encouraging excellence in Canada through a system of honors and awards such as the Order of Canada and promotes national identity and national unity. The Governor General of Canada is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces.

Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Questions - Coursework Example However, instability was conceivably an essential precondition for progress. The Athenians particularly dominate the history of political instability that resulted to the archisonship of Solon, the constitution of Clisthenes and the Persian Wars (Smith et al. 292-314). The other key feature of the Hellenic Polis was the Athenian Democracy that was truly â€Å"rule by the people† where every citizen had privileges and responsibilities under the law requiring their full participation and engagement in the government. This was after reforms on the Athenian constitution. This was the first democratic government to flourish in the world, with the citizens able to participate in the government (Smith et al. 323). The Romans were creative in creating and maintaining their empire. This is because the Romans had the intentions of conquering other lands that had riches and which would make Rome wealthy (Smith et al. 409). The Romans made unparalleled progresses in technology and science and organized the economy that was unparalleled in the Mediterranean. They were creative in maintain the empire because they ensured that they had distinct engineering components that would assist them conquer other neighboring lands (Smith et al. 419-28). They also established a legal code that would assist in governing the states. However, the Romans may not have been creative in creating the empire. They over expanded and would not maintain power in all the regions of the empire as the supplies to the military was

Animation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Animation - Essay Example â€Å"Actually, animation has received high profile on the television and various websites.† (Wells, 2002, p. 3). The modern animation works are very creative and are produced on seasonal basis; that is, they are produced to represent certain happenings of phenomenon. From the art point of view, animation is an ancient artwork that was born out of creativity and innovation. The history of animation can be traced back in the Paleolithic cave paintings era since it is in this era where interest in developing motion pictures grew (Graber, 2009).  The era was characterized by a series of creative art works which showed attempts to develop motion pictures. For instances, some pictures would be drawn with several legs and this revealed that man was trying to design a motion picture. The generations that came after the Paleolithic cave paintings era developed the paintings and made them look lively. The development of the modern technology and evolution of artwork education curriculum gave way to further development of animations field. Through education on the animation side of art, people grew more creative and became more innovative. As a result, the development of complex animations was born, and this opened the doors for continued development. In essence, the development of the animation field of arts can be viewed as a continued process that will cont inue stimulating new ideas and creativity. The future of animation is quite diversified based on the fact more devices or improving the animation industry are continually being discovered and developed. The art and practice of animation has become very popular in the recent past. â€Å"The digital tools have aided in the transformation from the traditional animation to modern animation.† (Jones & Oliff, 2007, p. 7) This can be associated with increased creativity and the wide spread of information regarding animation. The modern technology has made the spread of

MicroL16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MicroL16 - Essay Example Still, it seems likely to be a reasonable assumption to help understand market behavior. Industries in which there are many producers and in which it is difficult to differentiate between goods from individual producers, baking potatoes for example, it is likely that assuming the market is perfectly competitive can yield a reasonably accurate understanding of the way the market works. For markets, however, in which there are a limited number of producers and in which the costs to enter the market are high, or where the government restricts entry, it does not seem a reasonable assumption. Electric power, for instance, is often only available within a community from a single commercial producer. While there may be some alternatives available to consumers, such as buying their own generators or banks of solar cells, for all but the most committed, the price of these alternatives is so high as to make them non-viable. Clearly, for a market like this, assuming competitive behavior is not reasonable. 2. Profits. In a competitive market in long term equilibrium, no firm can make an â€Å"economic profit†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, have revenues in excess of costs, including â€Å"normal profit.† This is because economic profit will provide an incentive to other firms to enter the marketplace, shifting the industry supply curve and driving down the price until there is no longer an economic profit. In the short term, a firm may enjoy economic profits in the following three ways. The first way is when a firm might innovate in a way that drives down its costs of production. While other firms work to catch up, the innovative firm can enjoy economic profit. The second way is when a firm might innovate in a way that favorably differentiates its product from others, again allowing it to earn economic profit while other firms worked to match it. The third way is when an external event occurs, such as perhaps the introduction of a new complementary good, which might shift t he demand curve for the good in question, allowing the entire industry to experience short term economic profits until more firms were able to enter the market and increase supply. 3. Shutdown point for a firm. In the short run, a firm should keep operating as long as its average variable costs are less than the price of its product. This is because total revenue will cover the variable costs. Since, in the short run, fixed costs are not avoidable they should not be considered. In the long run, the firm cannot continue to operate at a loss. This means that a firm should shut down and leave the industry if, over the long run, average total costs will exceed price. 4. Long-Run Cost Curve, Economies of Scale and Firm Size. A firm is enjoying economies of scale when long-run (i.e., all inputs variable) average costs decrease as the number of units produced by the firm increases. As demand for the product increases, a firm in this position is likely to be able to meet the additional dema nd at a lower cost than a new firm entering the market, providing the existing firm with a competitive advantage. To the degree the firms in an industry experience economies of scale, there will likely be fewer firms (i.e., increased concentration) then there would in an industry where firms were experiencing decreased returns to scale Taken to the extreme, an existing firm with a continuously declining long-run cost curve would be in a

Market Equilibration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Equilibration - Research Paper Example The point that balances the compensation packages for the benefit of both the demand and supply sides typically refers to a state of equilibrium. It is important to note from the outset that equilibrium is just but a pedagogical device (Boyes & Melvin, 2012, p. 57). The reality is that markets [free markets inclusive] are always in the process of working, and that there are no static equilibrium prices and/or quantities as suggested in theory. Nonetheless, the process always tends towards an equilibrium point. The market equilibrating process in a free market works exclusively through the forces of demand and supply. Thus, no group of buyers or sellers holds a domineering influence in setting market prices. Accordingly, all consumers are considered rational decision makers with parallel objectives of maximizing their utility, and that demand accurately measures the quantity that buyers would be willing and able to acquire at a unit price (Gandolfi, Gandolfi & Barash, 2002, p. 17). Simply put, demand is majorly influenced by lower pricing; such that, any increase in the price of a commodity in a free market structure lowers the number of people (buyers) willing to buy the product; an inverse relationship that sums up the law of demand. Apart from commodity prices, other factors such as income, prices of substitute goods as well as tastes and preferences among others that occasionally come into play not only to alter quantity demanded, but shift the demand curve altogether (Boyes & Melvin, 2012, p. 59). A sample shift in demand curve due to a decrease in income is shown in the diagram below. While buyers/consumers try to maximize their utility by pulling prices downwards, sellers (businesses/firms) endeavor to maximize profit through an upwards price pulling effect. In other words, suppliers strive to make available goods and services in amounts that best help them get the highest

Tourism report for Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tourism report for Lincoln - Essay Example The county is divided into two, with the River Witham flowing between the two parts, known as namely ‘uphill’ and ‘downhill.’ The northern area, which is the ‘uphill’ area is where the historical part of the county houses. Historical structures belonging to this part of the city include the Lincoln Cathedral, the Lincoln Castle and the Medieval Bishop’s Palace. There are also residential areas in this part of the city. The ‘downhill’ area comprises of the city centre, and the residential houses belonging to this part of the county are less affluent than their uphill counterparts. This divide has been considered to date from the Norman times during the Norman Conquest. At that time, the hilltop was occupied by mostly the military elite as well as the religious elite. Well-known and exclusive organizations belonging to the ‘uphill’ area include the Lincoln Uphill Gardeners’ Club, the Lincoln Backgammon Club and the Lincoln Astronomical Society. It is mainly a historical county, which houses evidence of being inhabited by the Romans, the Normans, the Medievals, the Tudors and the Georgians. That comprises of around 2000 years of history altogether, making the county ideal for educational tourism. In the first century, the county was known as Lindum Colonna by the Romans, and it was in fact the home of Roman legionnaires and their families. Evidence of this is the Newport Arch that the Romans themselves built over Ermine Street (About Britain.com, 2010). The economy of the county is one that depends on commerce, agriculture, public administration and tourism. Previous years show evidence that Lincoln used to be a major industrial area. However, such evidence exists simply in the warehouses that have been left behind, and are now being used to conduct other purposes, such as a broadcasting station. Recently, the county has begun to develop itself into an IT rich

Theists and atheists often debate whether the existence of God is Essay

Theists and atheists often debate whether the existence of God is relevant to ethics. Does morality require a theological foundation Take the position that mor - Essay Example Godless ethics and morality have left the hearts and minds of Russian people empty and void. People, who believe that God is unnecessary, argue that morality is the basically the humanitarian issue that has to be resolved at the level of humanity. And that god should not come in between. Whereas, as a matter of fact, belief in God is the essence of ethics. These ethics are universal and bind the people in one rope of morality. God is one, whether this is Christianity (trinity), Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism or Judaism. All the divine and non-divine religions believe in the concept of one God, who commands the humanity for peace, tranquility, love and cordiality unto each other. All the principles of morality are derived from the belief in God, the day of resurrection, reward and punishment. In this world, no person can get enough rewards for his good moral deeds or punishment for his bad moral deeds. For instance, a man who kills 100 people can only be hanged once and the punishment ends. But in the day hereafter, the murderer will be punished for death, forever. A man, who inv ented aspirin medicine, has to be rewarded by God in haven, forever, and a worldly a cash prize cannot be enough reward. Therefore, mundane rewards and punishments are not enough for the good and bad people in this world and all these things have to be left to God, the Day of Judgment, haven and hell. Friedrich Nietzsche theory, that God is dead and man is free from the metaphysical demands of God is itself dead. Because value of morality on the base of love for oneself could no more hold the ground. The later sages have already countered the arguments of Greek philosophers against God as giver of ethics and morality. "The truth is we have no reference point about morality except as God reveals it. For us to argue with the source of morality is for the clay to argue with the potter" (Timothy J. Madigan.1997). God is the creator and sustainer of all things. He has all the potency and ability to guide us in matters of morality. Human is bound to err and sin and he seldom knows what is good and what is bad. He has always a limited scope of reason (Rom. 7:18-21). God is the only universal and absolute ori gin of morality.According to naturalists, the human being is born with ethical framework in his mind and heart. And they believe there is no further need to groom the human beings in morality on the basis of religion or any other theology. This point is not valid and historically, not proven. Morality on the foundations of religion has evolved over the centuries since unknown time. Man has been brutal, savage and untamed like any other beast in the forests. Religion has always been a source of guidance to him. This is the divine revelation that has always tamed him and removed cruelty, and incivility from his personality. Therefore, scientific naturalistic discourses cannot be an alternate source of morality for the human being. As the God cannot be proved through scientific discussion, therefore reliance on naturalists claim is counterproductive for source of guidance in morality and ethics.Holy Bible has proved that man is born as a bare creature with human instincts of

Market Equilibration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Equilibration - Research Paper Example The point that balances the compensation packages for the benefit of both the demand and supply sides typically refers to a state of equilibrium. It is important to note from the outset that equilibrium is just but a pedagogical device (Boyes & Melvin, 2012, p. 57). The reality is that markets [free markets inclusive] are always in the process of working, and that there are no static equilibrium prices and/or quantities as suggested in theory. Nonetheless, the process always tends towards an equilibrium point. The market equilibrating process in a free market works exclusively through the forces of demand and supply. Thus, no group of buyers or sellers holds a domineering influence in setting market prices. Accordingly, all consumers are considered rational decision makers with parallel objectives of maximizing their utility, and that demand accurately measures the quantity that buyers would be willing and able to acquire at a unit price (Gandolfi, Gandolfi & Barash, 2002, p. 17). Simply put, demand is majorly influenced by lower pricing; such that, any increase in the price of a commodity in a free market structure lowers the number of people (buyers) willing to buy the product; an inverse relationship that sums up the law of demand. Apart from commodity prices, other factors such as income, prices of substitute goods as well as tastes and preferences among others that occasionally come into play not only to alter quantity demanded, but shift the demand curve altogether (Boyes & Melvin, 2012, p. 59). A sample shift in demand curve due to a decrease in income is shown in the diagram below. While buyers/consumers try to maximize their utility by pulling prices downwards, sellers (businesses/firms) endeavor to maximize profit through an upwards price pulling effect. In other words, suppliers strive to make available goods and services in amounts that best help them get the highest

Theists and atheists often debate whether the existence of God is Essay

Theists and atheists often debate whether the existence of God is relevant to ethics. Does morality require a theological foundation Take the position that mor - Essay Example Godless ethics and morality have left the hearts and minds of Russian people empty and void. People, who believe that God is unnecessary, argue that morality is the basically the humanitarian issue that has to be resolved at the level of humanity. And that god should not come in between. Whereas, as a matter of fact, belief in God is the essence of ethics. These ethics are universal and bind the people in one rope of morality. God is one, whether this is Christianity (trinity), Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism or Judaism. All the divine and non-divine religions believe in the concept of one God, who commands the humanity for peace, tranquility, love and cordiality unto each other. All the principles of morality are derived from the belief in God, the day of resurrection, reward and punishment. In this world, no person can get enough rewards for his good moral deeds or punishment for his bad moral deeds. For instance, a man who kills 100 people can only be hanged once and the punishment ends. But in the day hereafter, the murderer will be punished for death, forever. A man, who inv ented aspirin medicine, has to be rewarded by God in haven, forever, and a worldly a cash prize cannot be enough reward. Therefore, mundane rewards and punishments are not enough for the good and bad people in this world and all these things have to be left to God, the Day of Judgment, haven and hell. Friedrich Nietzsche theory, that God is dead and man is free from the metaphysical demands of God is itself dead. Because value of morality on the base of love for oneself could no more hold the ground. The later sages have already countered the arguments of Greek philosophers against God as giver of ethics and morality. "The truth is we have no reference point about morality except as God reveals it. For us to argue with the source of morality is for the clay to argue with the potter" (Timothy J. Madigan.1997). God is the creator and sustainer of all things. He has all the potency and ability to guide us in matters of morality. Human is bound to err and sin and he seldom knows what is good and what is bad. He has always a limited scope of reason (Rom. 7:18-21). God is the only universal and absolute ori gin of morality.According to naturalists, the human being is born with ethical framework in his mind and heart. And they believe there is no further need to groom the human beings in morality on the basis of religion or any other theology. This point is not valid and historically, not proven. Morality on the foundations of religion has evolved over the centuries since unknown time. Man has been brutal, savage and untamed like any other beast in the forests. Religion has always been a source of guidance to him. This is the divine revelation that has always tamed him and removed cruelty, and incivility from his personality. Therefore, scientific naturalistic discourses cannot be an alternate source of morality for the human being. As the God cannot be proved through scientific discussion, therefore reliance on naturalists claim is counterproductive for source of guidance in morality and ethics.Holy Bible has proved that man is born as a bare creature with human instincts of

Serving Newton Essay Example for Free

Serving Newton Essay At the start of the years University Physics 1 degree course, the Physics Professor looked at the motley crew filling the lecture theatre. He knew some students were destined to survive, while others would drop-out. In a rather callous way, the professor wrote-off the previous twelve years of the students scientific education before introducing the course. Writing on the board just four symbols, he continued saying The single most important equation in the Universe is, F = m a . The experience could be likened to watching the rector at church, singing the praises of the most exalted one. From this equation he said, everything else, all other forces are derived, forces including motion, gravity, electrostatics and magnetism. This can be experimentally proven over-and-over again as a Law of Nature, as a Universal truth. But this was no rector, this was the bishop, the professor himself outlining Newtons laws of motion, showing the magic relationships that exist in the sciences. The Universe seemed to make sense at that moment, but then his reverent attitude turned. He introduced into this overview scheme of things, three body gravitational systems. At this point, he stated that Newtons laws failed, for this is where Einsteins approximations come into their own, for only they can accurately predict and solve the forces that exist between three or more bodies in the Universe. Something appeared to be very incorrect; for this did not ring true. It seemed impossible that a law of Nature, a known Universal Truth, could be wrong? The professor was expressing the common cosmological opinion that Newtons laws of gravity are deeply troubled, if not wrong, yet he found it amusing that cosmologists could not suggest any mechanism to explain gravity or to improve gravitational theory. To conclude his introduction to Physics 1, the professor said, Terrestrially, the laws of Physics work, but when one talks about matters cosmological, Newtons laws fail miserably, giving-way to Einsteins relativity. This statement appeared to be more contradiction than Science. The Earth exists as a tiny speck of dark matter, orbiting with the Moon around a rather common star. As the Earth is part of the Solar System, located in The Galaxy, situated in the Universe, what then, makes the Earth so different to any other cosmological body? How can Newtons laws only apply here? Surely, if Newtons laws fail miserably in the rest of the cosmos, they must fail here? For any law to be a Natural law, then the law must apply universally, throughout the entire cosmos, where-ever there is matter. How can Newtons laws be called Natural laws when they fail? Only one theory can be true, or the accepted theories must be wrong. If both are incorrect then some other law must universally apply. It is important to contemplate some historical facts about Newtons laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1747) was a man and as such made mistakes, not just in life, but also in his mathematics, language and science. At the start of his academic career, the Great Plague (1666) closed the Universities, so he left Cambridge to work on his own in the country. Newton taught himself mathematics from just four books and within a year, was making valuable contributions to mathematics and science. When it came to logarithms and The Calculus, Newton had to invent them, developing his own ideas and concepts, or he had to encompass, correct and modify the works of others. Words like mass and energy were not contemplated in this period. There was no one available to teach Newton how to use these methods and equally, there was no-one who could correct or confirm his work. Newton sourced much theory from the works of others and when they seemed true, accepted such mistakes as well. He modified their concepts and ideas into his own constructs. His laws of motion corrected the discoveries of Galileus Galileus (the English xenoym is Galileo Galilei), using deduction and fluxions (The Calculus). Galileus did not include the objects initial motion u. t when he wrote the distance equation s = 1/2 at 2. Newtons correction made sense, where a minor change , s = ut + 1/2 at 2 , bestowed credit on him. Prior to Galileus discovery, the belief was that when a cannon fired a shot, the shell was given impetus by the detonation of the gunpowder. The shell would use up all this impetus as it rose, then fall to the ground when the impetus ran out.

Juice Of Different Brands And Containers Marketing Essay

Juice Of Different Brands And Containers Marketing Essay Introduction Now a day with the increasing intensive competition in order to marketing a product marketing plan is considered as a sole of this, 2.1 Current Marketing Situation In our country there are many types of fruit juice available in the market. Generally mango juice is popular. Beside this, orange, apple, strawberry, grape juices are also accepted by the consumers. At present, many existing soft drink producing companies like Pran, Shezan, Achme are more or less successful in the country because of the rate of selling of their product in the market. Considering this situation, to enter into the market and to compete with other brands, our new soft drinks producing company Anron is preparing to launch the juice of water melon which will enter as a new product in the market. Generally our target is to focus on all class people of all ages particularly kids and teenagers. For doing this we have tried to distribute our product in such areas so that it is available to them. 2.1.1 Market Description Generally, in current market different types of juices are sold in tetra packets or bottles. Tetra packet is not returnable. It is very light and easy to carry. On the other hand, some bottles are returnable and some are not. Few images of these types of containers of some particular brands are shown below: Fig1. Juice of different brands and containers Fruit juice is very good for health because it provides vitamin and nutrition that build body. Since the present market is generally covered by orange, apple, strawberry, grape juice and our new product water melon juice is full of nutrition we want to present it with nice flavors, nice containers and with a real taste at reasonable price. Watermelons are grown throughout the tropics and subtropics region, but do best in the hot drier areas with the abundance of sunshine. They are killed by frost. They grow best on fertile sandy soil, particularly on sandy river banks. They ate fairly drought- resistant and will not stand water logging. Kuakata, Khepupara, Alipur, Mohipur, etc. are main production area of water melon in Patuakhali district in our country. It is also produced in Natore and other districts in Bangladesh. Our target is to collect water melon from the cultivators of different areas and make a deal with them to ensure proper supply of the water melon in order to produce Juicy Melon in a large volume. 2.1.2 Product Review An overall idea about our product is presented here. i. The brand name of the product will be Juicy Melon. ii. The slogan of the product is A taste of reality. iii. At first, it will be available in the market in cane, plastic or glass bottles and in tetra packets. iv. The containers will be of different sizes so that people can buy according to their need. v. The juice will be produced from fresh and pure water melon which is grown in our country. vi. It will be produced by highly improved automated machine. vii. It will be fully free from harmful chemicals, colors and preservatives. viii. It can be stored in refrigerator but it is not must to store it. ix. The overall making procedure of the juice will be monitored by experienced employees and chemists. x. The product will be available in almost all shops in the market. At first, in grocery shop then, in super markets. xi. The product quality will be of high and price will be reasonable. 2.1.2 Competitive Review Pran, Shezan, Achme, Frutika juices have already created a standard position in the market. So, just launch a product in a market is not an easy task. To make a good impression to consumer about the product and also to make profit it is must to know details about other competitors. Analyzing the competitor can create augment chances of launching to be the most successful one. Pran: PRAN is the leading food processing company in Bangladesh and is believed to be processing about half of the horticulture produce that goes to the processed channel in the country. The company produces and distributes fruits juices, snacks, confectionery, culinary products, dairy and soft drinks. It enjoys a strong brand reputation in the country and exports its products to 70 countries. The company has requested IFC for assistance to finance its corporate plan to expand capacity and improve operating efficiencies, aimed at satisfying growing domestic demand and capitalizing on export opportunities. Shezan: The company was incorporated in 1964 as a Private Limited Company, with the main  objective to set up an industrial undertaking for manufacturing of juices, squashes, sherbets, jams, pickles and preserves from fruits and vegetables. In 1971, Shahnawaz group purchased all the shares of Alliance Industrial  Development Corporation. Sajeeb Corporation the company is a well reputed and leading manufacturer, exporter, importer marketing organisation of consumer products (Shezan Juice, TANG, Nocilla, Kolson Lascha Semai, Kolson Macaroni, Kolson Vermicelli, Kolson Noodles, Sajeeb Biscuits other food item) in Bangladesh. Acme: ACME Group is one of the leading and diversified global conglomerates in Bangladesh, with offices in all major cities, employing over 3000+ employees. The images of some acme juice products are given below: Fig2. ACME juice products Frutika: Akij Food and Beverage Limited (AFBL) is one of the main concerns of Akij Group, which is a Bangladeshi industrial conglomerate. Frutika Juice is the juice brand of AFBL, recently introduced juice in the prevalent Bangladesh market. From the lunching of the product Frutika Juice has come up with novelty promotional campaign in order to grab the market share. It also tried to make available the product in the market through their effective distribution channel. However, the price charged by it is relatively higher compared to the competitors. 2.1.2 Distribution Review This is an important part of marketing. After producing Juicy Melon in the company it is required to distribute it in the market. At first, we will distribute it almost all shops of divisional cities. Grocery Store is a store established primarily for the retailing of food. Our assigned team member will distribute the product in grocery shops. People of our country are largely dependent on this type of shops. They can buy necessary things from their nearest shop. So, to reach our product to every people, Juicy Melon will be distributed to grocery store. Supermarket A supermarket, a form of grocery store, is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments. It is larger in size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store and it is smaller than a hypermarket or superstore. Well distribute our product at this type of market. Schools, colleges and universities Well distribute the Juicy Melon in the shops nearby schools and colleges. We also supply it in the university cafà ©. SWOT analysis: Our company is serving in the market as a leading competitor. Most of the products of our company are consumer oriented and holding superior market value except the existing juice brands. Thats why our company is willing to inaugurate a juicy brand in a different manner, with a different taste in the juicy drinks JUICY MELON- a pure natural drink with no added sugar, a minus fat with no calorie observation. Though our new product is expected to lead the juice market, we have a swat analysis for the betterment in market serving in an efficient way. Strength: strength are internal capabilities that can help the company reach its objectives .our company has the strengths- Innovative feature- the juicy melon is containing a minus fat characteristic, which is a new observation in case of any juicy brands. Along with our companies existing brands, no other brand is containing this rare feature. Lower price- in comparison to other competitive products in the market, juicy melon is charged a lower price. The lower price is possible due to our competitive advantage in technological and ingredient observation. Ingredient availability- the main ingredient used in the Juicy Melon is water melon. Water melon is largely produced in all over the country. The price is also seems to be very low which is very positive indication for the company. Full of nutrition-our main ingredient ,watermelon is a indigenous fruit which have to believed to have originated in our India Subcontinent is a good source of vitamin A, high in vitamin C, beta-carotene, lycopen, iron, zinc, potassium and other nutritive minerals and very low in sodium; free of fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. Weakness: weakness is internal elements that may interfere with companys ability to achieve its objectives. The major weaknesses are ___ 1. Lack of market information previously no other product is made up of water melon the juicy melon can serve the market or not, may be a questionable factor. Higher preservation cost _ the preservation cost is higher than others. The product, ingredient liquid is a season fruit so the company has to store a huge amount due to demand construction. Opportunity: Opportunities are external elements that the company may be able to its advantage. Increasing demand: Due to peoples health consciousness and other environmental factors people are demanding natural food. The Juicy Melon will be available in the market with this unique characteristic. So there is a possibility that demand will increase in a hear future. Low technology cost: Juicy Melon is available at lower cost due to its lower technology cost. Due to govt. policy, the technological assistance is available from different companies outside the country. The nutrition content: The high water and nutrients contents of our main ingredient keep our bodies hydrated and refreshed, protect from dehydration, toxification; helps in cleaning our kidneys; Vitamin A and beta-carotene improve the accuracy of our vision, preventing, at the same time, eyes-related diseases such as cataracts or macular degeneration, help heart to function accurately, strengthen the immune system, prevent against cancer and is an anti-aging and anti-wrinkling agent for the skin; lycopene a naturally occurring red pigment is the most active carotenoid that is a very potent antioxidant against free radicals and anti-anticancer agent, helps improving short and long term memory, protects and prevents from heart disorders, beneficial against the prostate and testicles and prevents skin, cervical, breast and prostate cancer, also acts as a detoxifier of the waste in the body and inhibits cholesterol formation; Iron plays a decisive role in the growth and physical develop ment of children and teenagers, as it helps their bodies grow in a healthy and harmonious way, strengthens and protects all the organs within our body and is crucial for menstruating, pregnant or lactating women, makes us active and provides us with stamina, links to the hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all body cells and is also part of key enzyme systems for energy production and metabolism; and so on. These all valuable nutritious functions of our ingredient give our product a high quality diet or food value and will help us in our promotion strategies. Our tropical climate: The succulent, thrust-quench fruit watermelon containing 90% water is available for maximum three months on the other hand in our tropical country, now a days, summer exists more than about seven months. As a result, the demand of this refreshing and thrust-quench fruits exists beyond the period of watermelons availability. Demand for all the year round: Besides delicious and watery mouth taste, the high nutritious value will support its demand for the whole year. Threats: Threats are current or emerging external elements that may possibly challenge companys performance. Increased composition: A number of compositions are entering into market with fruit juice orientation .Along with our companys existing fruit juice, grappyfizz, appyfizz etc. again no water melon juice is available in the market. Variety in customer preference: Bangladesh is a country of about 14 crore people. The market size seems to be very large. Again the market is differentiated in terms of demand as the people are differentiated in case of income, age, occupation, literacy, etc. 4.0 Objectives and Issues 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Issues 5. Marketing Strategy Anrons marketing strategy is based on positioning of product differentiation in terms of new taste and flavor and relatively lower price than other competitors. Our primary consumer target is children and our secondary consumer targets are young and adult people who enjoy fruit juice and other types of soft drinks. Our primary business targets are wholesalers and retailers of busy places like bus terminals, railway stations, and local markets. Our secondary business targets are cafeteria of college and university, fast food shops and shopping mall. 5.1. Positioning Though our product Juicy Melon is undifferentiated type, we want to differentiate it by providing real taste of watermelon which is one of the most flavored and nutritious fruit. The flavored taste of watermelon, the brand new type of juice, the nutritious value, the colorful attractive packaging, and relatively lower price are our major positioning tool. 5.2. Product Strategy The Juicy Melon, including all the features described in the earlier Product review section, will be sold in different colorful packaging styles like cane, plastic and glass bottle, tetra pack of different amount like 150 ml of tetra pack; 250 ml of cane, plastic and glass bottle, tetra pack; 500 ml of plastic and glass bottle, 1 L of plastic and glass bottle. The different types of packaging are shown below in the table: Packaging Amount per unit packaging Cane 250 ml Cane 500 ml Tetra pack 150 ml Tetra pack 250 ml Tetra pack 500 ml Tetra pack 1 L Plastic bottle 250 ml Plastic bottle 500 ml Plastic bottle 1 L Glass bottle 250 ml Glass bottle 500 ml Glass bottle 1 L The delicious taste and flavour of products main ingredient, water melon and colorful attractive packaging; purity and asepty of Juicy melon and comparatively lower price are all favorable features of our product to attract our target customers and to take competitive advantage. We will introduce another new taste and flavor of pineapple (the Juicy pineapple) in the next year thereby expanding product line. Building brand equity with new taste and purity is an integral part of our product strategy. The brand name (ABC), slogan (BRINGS TASTE IN LIFE) will be displayed on the pack, cane and bottle that means on overall packaging and in our primary introductory marketing campaign these will be reinforced. 5.3. Price Strategy The Juicy Melon will follow market penetration pricing strategy with target of large market sharing by attracting large number of buyers. The Juicy melon will be introduced at the wholesale and retail price per unit which are shown in the following table Packaging Price Per Unit Cane, 250 ml 13 Cane, 500 ml 25 Tetra pack, 150 ml 10 Tetra pack, 250 ml 13 Tetra pack, 500 ml 25 Tetra pack, 1L 48 Plastic bottle, 250 ml 13 Plastic bottle, 500 ml 25 Plastic bottle, 1L 48 Glass bottle, 250 ml 13 Glass bottle, 500 ml 25 Glass bottle, 1L 48 5.4. Distribution Strategy Our distribution strategy is intensive distribution to make the product available to the consumer by stoking as many outlets as possible. Indirect consumer marketing channel (Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer) is our major distribution channel. In various occasion like Pahela Baishakh, International Mother Language Day, Independent Day, Victory Day, Eid Ul Azha, Eid Ul Fitar, Durga Puja, fair and so on, we will follow mobile marketing using direct consumer marketing channel by direct selling to consumer at half of the price per unit in the college and university campus and other gathering and fair place. 5.5. Marketing Communication Strategy By using all media like TV channels, printing media, radio, bill board, we will integrate all messages to reinforce the brand name, the main points of positioning of new and unique taste and flavor and lower price. We will follow both a combination of pull and push strategy. Our persuasive and comparative advertising objectives will be achieved through selecting appropriate timing, media and advertising strategy by advertising agency based on media consumption research to reach prospect buyers for pull strategy before and during product introduction. Consumer sales promotion tools like premium, contests which will be communicated through advertising will be used for pull strategy. For push strategy we will use trade sales promotions like discount, premium, display allowance to attract motivate, retain and persuade wholesaler and retailer to give self space, promote in advertising, and push our product to consumers. For our new product we need large advertising budget as we want to gain large marketing share. 5.6. Marketing Research Our exploratory and descriptive research objectives are- -measuring brand awareness during and after marketing campaigns which will help us determines the effectiveness and efficiency of our messages and media, -studying customer satisfaction to gauge market reaction, -identifying opportunities for our future product development effort, -measuring and analyzing customer attitudes toward competing brands and products. 5.7. Marketing Organization The structure of our marketing organization is organized by function which is shown in the following figure. The Chief marketing officer holds overall authorization for marketing strategy and direction Chief Marketing Officer Sales Manager Public Relation Manager Promotion Manager Research Manager Promotion Analyst Advertising Analyst Figure: Arnones Marketing Organization 6.0 Action Programs We will launch our product Juicy Melon in first January 2011.The summary of our next four months action programs to our objectives are given below. December, 2010 We will introduce our Juicy Melon formally by arranging concert inviting most popular celebrity and nutritionists who will give some speech about our products nutritious value. We will start trade sales promotion strategies by communicating selected wholesaler. January, 2011 We will start integrated campaign targeting our prospected customer using multimedia like TV channels, printing media, radio, bill board. We will start consumer sales promotion. February, 2011 We will continue multimedia advertising campaign to reinforce our positioning strategies and will also continue trade sales promotion tactics. March, 2011 We will use new type of advertising, and will continue consumer sales promotion and will use mobile marketing. 7.0 Budget: This marketing plan includes a detailed budget, schedule, and managerial assignment for every action program. After implementing the marketing plan, up-to-date data has to be collected about the product position regularly and then for control purposes the plan will be allowed for month-by-month comparison of actual versus projected sales and expenses. Budgets as managerial tools How much will the activities defined above cost? Can you provide a revenue forecast? Explain the assumptions on which the forecast is based and consider various (best case, worst case) scenarios. Since many Information Centers now operate as cost centers, if not profit centers, this component of the plan is extremely important. The classic quantification of a marketing plan appears in the form of budgets. Because these are so rigorously quantified, they are particularly important. They should, thus, represent an unequivocal projection of actions and expected results. What is more, they should be capable of being monitored accurately; and, indeed, performance against budget is the main (regular) management review process. The purpose of a marketing budget is, thus, to pull together all the revenues and costs involved in marketing into one comprehensive document. It is a managerial tool that balances what is needed to be spent against what can be afforded, and helps make choices about priorities. It is then used in monitoring performance in practice. The marketing budget is usually the most powerful tool by which you think through the relationship between desired results and available means. Its starting point should be the marketing strategies and plans, which have already been formulated in the marketing plan itself; although, in practice, the two will run in parallel and will interact. At the very least, the rigorous, highly quantified, budgets may cause a rethink of some of the more optimistic elements of the plans. Objectives of Budget Budget serves two main purposes To protect profitability To help managers plan for expenditures, scheduling, and operations related to each action program. Determining costs There are different types of costs like fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs (also known as overhead) are costs that do not vary with production or sales levels and include costs such as rent, interest, depreciation and clerical and management salaries. Regardless of the level of output company must pay these costs. The total fixed costs remain constant as output increases, the fixed costs per unit will decrease as output increase because the total fixed costs are spread across more unit of output. On the other hand variable costs vary directly with the level of production and include costs related to the direct production of the product and many of the marketing costs associated with selling it. Although these costs tend to be uniform for each unit produced, they are called variable costs because their total varies with the number of units produced. Total first year sales revenue for the Juicy melon is projected at tk2000000 million, with an average wholesale price tk 13.00 per bottle and variable cost per bottle 3.00 tk for per bottle sales volumes 400000. We anticipate a first year loss up to 10 million on the juicy melon. Break even calculation indicates that the juicy melon will become profitable after the sales volume exceeds 40000 early in the products second year. Our breakeven analysis of juicy melons first product assumes per bottle whole sale revenue of amount per bottle. Variable cost of tk 3 per bottle, and estimated first year fixed cost of 400000. Based on the assumption the breakeven calculation is: Beak even volume = = Fixed costs / price variable costs = 400000/13-3 = 40000 Where as fixed costs = 4, 00,000 Variable cost = 3 Expected unit sales= 50,000 Unit costs = variable costs + fixed cost/expected unit sales = 3+ 400000/50000 = 11 Mark up price = unit costs / 1- desired return on sales 16 percent = 11/ 1- 0.16 = 13 Determining price is one of the most important marketing decisions and marketers have to considerable leeway when setting prices. The limiting factors are demand and costs. Demand factors such as buyer perceived value, set the price ceiling. The companys cost set the price floor. In between these two factors, we as a marketer must consider competitors price and other factors such as reseller requirements, government regulations, and company objectives as well. Since we started as a new product we would like to sell at wholesale prices tk 13.00. In order to expand the market and to gain market share rapidly we launch the product at a lower price. Accordingly we first consider pricing decision s from a cost perspective. The n we consider consumer value, the competitive environment and the reseller requirements. 8.0 Controls Controls help management assess results after the plan is implemented, identify any problems or performance variations, and initiate corrective action. We would like to plan tight control measures to closely monitor quality and customer satisfaction. This will enable us to react quickly in correcting any problems that may occur. Other early warning signals that will be monitored for signs of deviation from the plan include monthly sales (by segment and channels) and monthly expenses. Giving the emphasis on the market volatility, contingency plans are developed to address fast moving environmental changes such as new technology and new competition. Now a day the executive drinks market is steadily increasing with passing time. With keeping this in mind, our marketing programs will expand accordingly. The addition of an internally index will allow juicy melon to the market with the expanding number of potential customers. Sales will increase accordingly, providing working capital for internal product development, marketing department growth, and Internet development. A presence on the Internet will be a key milestone to expanding sales and marketing potentials through the utilization of new channels. Ultimately everything is carried out to monitor the project success. Break-even analysis Based on understanding of the costs, consumer value and the competitive environment and reseller requirement we have decided to set its price to wholesalers at tk 13.00.At that price what sales level will be needed to break even or make profit is determined. Breakeven analysis determines the unit volume 40,000 and taka sales needed to be profitable given a particular price and cost structure. At the breakeven point, total revenue equals total costs and profit is zero. Above this point the company will make profit; below it, the company will lose money. The break even analysis shows that to reach the break even point, the company is required to have sold 4000 units of the juice. As per the sales forecast, it will happen by the end of 4th year (2014) of launching product into the market. Table: Break Even analysis Quantity of bottles(thousands) (1) FC (Tk) (thousand) (2) VC (Tk) (thousand) (3) = (1) ÃÆ'- Tk. 3 TC (Tk) (thousand) (4) = (2) +( 3) TR (Tk) (thousand) (5) = (1) ÃÆ'- Tk 13 Profit (Tk) (thousand) 0 400 0 400 0 -400 10 400 30 430 130 -300 20 400 60 460 260 -200 30 400 90 490 390 -100 40 400 120 520 520 0 50 400 150 550 650 100 Figure : Break Even analysis Conclusion In order to the effective

How Cahokia Was Mighty :: essays research papers

North of Mexico, the pre-Colombian settlement of Cahokia was the most influential and intricate Native American community in North America. A society of mound builders, which endured from about 9500 B.C. to 1400 A.D., they set up a massive trading center complete with their own types of governing bodies, architecture, religion, sophisticated farming, and local specialties. In one way or another, the Cahokian culture touched even the far reaches of the present day United States, â€Å" from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes, from the Atlantic coast to Oklahoma†, all from its central location in the Mississippi region. It is for these reasons that Cahokia was a superior power in the New World before the Europeans came, and even now, can be considered important and mighty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first factor that indicates the might of the Cahokian culture is the great structures of earth that they created for public buildings, residences of the nobility, religious purposes, and as burial ground. These mounds, 120 in number, were built on an area exceeding five square miles, and usually were between six and twelve feet in height. The largest mound however, named Monks mound for the colony of Trappist monks who later tried colonize atop the construction, covers today 14 acres at the base and rises 100 feet in height. What is even mightier about this mound, which happens to be the â€Å"largest pre-historic earthen structure in the New World†, is that it took over 19 million hours of labor to complete, and that it was done all by hand. The 22 million cubic feet of dirt it took to form the mound, was deposited in stages from about 900 to 1200 A.D.. The greatness that is Monks mound was probably used for governing, ceremonies, and for the Cahokian leaders’ living spaces and burial plots. Another remarkable mound in Cahokia, simply called Mound 72, was designed by the Cahokians so that one end of it faced the rising sun of the winter solstice, and the opposite end faced toward the setting sun of the summer solstice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An additional type of architecture in the Cahokia realm that fascinated the excavators who found it’s remnants, are â€Å"wood henges†. Labeled for a likeness to England’s Stone-henge, the wood henges are several circles with different diameters of hundreds of feet and are made up of posts at regular intervals. What is so amazing about them is that the number of posts in each circle are in multiples of 12 (24, 36, 48, 60, and 72). It is believed that the posts marked lunar

Eating Disorders Essay -- essays research papers fc

An eating disorder is an illness that involves an unhealthy feeling about the food we eat. â€Å"Eating disorders affect 5-10 millions Americans and 70 million individuals worldwide† (www.eatingdisorderinfo.org 1). They also affect many people from women, men, children, from all ages and different races. People who have eating disorders usually see themselves as being fat when they really aren’t. This usually deals with women or teenage girls mostly. They watch television, movies, read articles in magazines, and see pictures of the celebrities whom they want to be like because they have the â€Å"ideal body† that everyone wants and craves for. The media makes us all think we need those types of bodies to be happy with ourselves, be more successful in life, and be perfect. Starving yourself or eating less amounts of food doesn’t help you get the â€Å"ideal body† that you desire to have. This shows that you lack self-esteem and only want to see what other people see in life. This may impinge on people who are alone and want to get attention and by doing this they want to be thin. There are many different kinds of eating disorders that people are affected with. For example, there is Anorexia Nervosa, which deals with not eating regularly or eats little amounts of food or not eating at all. There is also Bulimia Nervosa, which is when a person eats a large amount of food and then binges or purges after to get rid of the food they just put into the body. Lastly there is the Binge eating disorder. This disorder is when a person keeps a secret from everyone of their excessive eating. â€Å"Women make up more than 90 percent of people with these eating disorders† (www.4woman.gov 1).â€Å"However, young women are most vulnerable, particularly between the ages 15-25 years† (www.edauk.com 1). Women are more likely to be anorexic, because they always see other women with thin bodies and feel pressured to want to be like them. They may be alone or divorced and may need attention so they look for ways to get that attention from people. â€Å"The women suffer with feelings of self-hate, worthlessness, low self-esteem, and they usually feel that in order to be happy, they must be thin† (www.mirror-mirror.org 1). Women in the business industry feel they don’t get enough attention from people so in order to heighten their career, they put themselves out there to have the perfect body to get people’s att... ... illness. If you do not seek help you can damage your body, cause major health problems, and even death. But if you do seek help, you can increasingly build up your self-esteem that helps cope with the illness. Bibliography #1 - Thompson, Colleen. Eating Disorders. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #2 - Thompson, Colleen. Children. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #3 - Thompson, Colleen. Women. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #4 - Thompson, Colleen. Binge Eating Disorder. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #5 - Thompson, Colleen. Anorexia Nervosa. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #6 - Thompson, Colleen. Bulimia Nervosa. Internet Explorer December 9, 2002 #7 - Hendrick, Victoria Eating Disorders. Internet Explorer July 2002 #8 - Spearing, Melissa. Eating Disorders. Internet Explorer. August 6, 2002 #9 – Anonymous. EDA. What is an Eating Disorder? Internet Explorer. March 31, 2004 #10 – Anonymous. Eating Disorders Statistics. Internet Explorer. http://www.eatingdisorderinfo.org #11 - Harmon, Dan. Anorexia Nervosa Starving for Attention. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers 1999 #12 - Nardo, Dan. Eating Disorders. San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc. 1991

As I Walked Out One Evening †W.H.Auden Essay

The poem in study is As I Walked out One Evening by W.H. Auden. His views projected in this poem are suggested to have not varied since the time he composed this piece. Unlike his other poems, this piece was never revised. Here, Auden exposes the two sides of romance through the manipulation of narrative voices, the poet, the lover’s song and the chiming of the clock personified. As I walked out one evening is composed in a traditional ballad form. It’s consists of 15 quatrain stanzas conforming to an â€Å"abcb† rhyme scheme. The masculine end rhyme employed gives more freedom of wording. It is through these settings that exhibits the song-like quality of a ballad and by this lyrical tune, Auden suggests the theme and theories examined in the poem are of childlike logic and knowledge. With reference to the structure of the poem, it comprises of 15 stanzas split into three distinctive voices. The first and last being the narration by the poet himself, framing the Lover’s Song and the menacing voice of the clock. Through the beginning narration by the persona, W.H. Auden sets the essence of nostalgia with a â€Å"walk down Bristol Street†. The mention of Bristol Street creates the tone of reminiscence as it is a venue of Auden’s childhood. The contrast of â€Å"crowds upon the pavement† that use to be â€Å"fields of harvest wheat† showcases the change taken place during time-lapse. Down by the brimming river, the poet hears a lover sing â€Å"love has no ending†. The transition of narrative position from the initial persona to the Love Song takes place through the marking of inverted commas. The rhythm of the poem also changes away from iambic tri-meter when the love song begins. The love song is hyperbolized, injected with imageries and unconventional similes to exaggerate the affections of a naà ¯ve lover. With suggestions of the uncanny ability to love â€Å"till China and Africa meet†, Auden captures their simplistic and unrealistic minds. The silly and lighthearted tone shown through the alliteration of the line â€Å"salmon sing in the street†. In addition to undermining the forces of nature, the lover’s song seem to believe its love to be pure and immune to time, for â€Å"in my arms I hold The  Flower of the Ages, And the first love of the world†. This love is expressed to be ageless, the Flower of the Ages a Biblical reference to the year of maturity in which a woman can marry. In a sense, the song provokes that the incredibility of love is beyond human entity, but of something greater. However, the tone shifts in the 6th stanza, turning to the narration of the clock and time personified. They seem to be rebuking the ideals embodied by the Lover’s Song as they began to â€Å"whirr and chime†, an onomatopoeia that creates the image of violent and unsettling wind. The wind that could break them apart, hit their faces with a chill. The clock conveys the negative perception of naà ¯ve love as it rings out a series of advice to the lovers. The Clock’s advice is like a progression of a 4 session counselling, speaking to us readers as if we are the young lovers. Marked by the phrase â€Å"O†, he begins with a gentle coaxing. â€Å"O let not time deceive you†, the idealism borne by the love song shall break through time’s passing. â€Å"O plunge your hands in the water† as if washing one’s face in the morning. Wake up from the hyperbolized world of love to reality. â€Å"Stare, stare at the basin,† reflect on your past actions and their indications, what you’ve missed. â€Å"O look, look in the mirror† examine your present self. Finally â€Å"O stand, stand at the window†, see your partner through the barrier of glass. Unclouded and unaffected by cruel words of a quarrel, in the peace of one’s own mind, then we shall see that we are all hypocrites in love. The overall tone of the clock is quite dark and Auden uses the technique of contrasting metaphors to develop the negative effects of time in idealism. The â€Å"green valley† and â€Å"appalling snow† signifying the presence of time will eventually break momentary joy. â€Å"The glacier knocks in the cupboard, the desert sighs in the bed†, the consequences of time will invade one’s privacy and comfort, perhaps even home. Until it becomes overwhelming, one should break down, it’ll â€Å"open a lane to the land of the dead† where qualities of life we once known are twisted into a paradoxical world embodied by stanza 12. There is however, a consolation to these negative aspects, that if we â€Å"wake  up† in time, we shall learn to love truly, for life remains a blessing, even when we’re too focused on our distress. Throughout this entire process, the language suggests the lack of presence of the first persona. But this theory is contradicted by the last stanza where the â€Å"poet† narrates. â€Å"It was late, late in the evening†, the repetition a habit picked up from the clock’s speech. The persona was watching the whole time, now knows better, that the overflowing love of the â€Å"brimming river†, actually has a lot more depth. W.H. Auden through the shift of narrative voices explores the different perspective of love. This technique shows us not only one sided opinions but various views. And readers are shown, that perhaps what is right in the minds of one, may vary to the eyes of another. The image of romance is often twisted to extremes by society. As human beings, we have the tendency to form opinions based on our own favours. To an extent, this poem may resemble a satire to society. Humans tend to be hypocrites and very good liars to even our own minds to justify our wrongdoings.

Research Utilization Project †Fecal Transplantation Essay

Clostridium difficile (C-difficile) is a common bacterium that is a frequent cause of infection in the colon and effects numerous patients. Clostridium difficile increases the hospital costs associated with inpatient care, including identification of the organism as well as treatment. The most common cause of C-difficile infection is the elimination of normal intestinal flora caused by antibiotic use. Standard treatment of C-difficile infection includes the use of oral (Flagyl) and intravenous (Vancomycin) antibiotic therapy. The use of fecal transplantation to treat C-difficile infection is increasing in popularity. Research regarding fecal transplantation dates back to 1958; however, the efficacy of fecal transplant for the treatment of C-difficile are rapidly emerging with noted benefits for patients. The mere thought of presenting fecal transplantation for the treatment of a C-difficile infection is often dismissed because of limited available evidence and the concerns about using someone else’s stool to treat the infection. The necessity to educate patients with C-difficile is an additional challenge. Potential donors and recipients need to be assured of minimal risks associated with the screening and transplantation process. The ability to educate society on the results of evidence-based practice regarding the treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation should minimize concerns and enhance patient outcomes. The creation of a patient education programs is increasingly beneficial when multiple health care professionals and interdisciplinary teams are involved. Thus, a project objective in implementing an educational patient program for fecal transplantation is the creation of an informative brochure for potential use in the Endoscopy Department at Sharp Memorial Hospital by December 2014. The treatment regimen for initial and chronic C-difficile with fecal transplantation is inexpensive and noted as extremely effective. The articles reviewed consistently reveal efficacy rates greater than 85%. Fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile continues to illicit multiple verbal and non-verbal responses and is not considered a standard of care for patients, families, communities, and hospital staff. The implementation of an informative educational brochure will minimize fears, hesitations, and reluctance for the treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation. The central theme of transplanting feces from a selected healthy donor to the recipient with C-difficile is often met with resistance. The fecal transplantation brochure will encompass aspects of fecal transplantation with the expectation of educating patients, families, and communities. Additionally, the brochure would enhance awareness of hospital staff providing an opportunity to educate units or departments. The application of Kurt Lewin’s change model for the implementation of an educational brochure for fecal transplantation will be employed. The current treatment modalities for C-difficile and the methods of transmission are increasingly becoming expensive for health care organizations. The financial goals of the organization are to decrease the rates of C-difficile and possibly entertain the concept of fecal transplantation. A dichotomous survey will be used to measure awareness and use of fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile. The interdisciplinary team employed to create the brochure would prove beneficial in developing standardized procedures in performing fecal transplantations. The Southern California Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates is an excellent venue for potentially validating and communicating the results. The two possible grant funding sources for the fecal transplantation brochure is the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and the American Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates (SGNA). The creation and implementation of an educational brochure for patients considered for fecal transplantation would enhance community education and minimize fears in treating C-difficile with fecal transplantation. Keywords: fecal transplantation, clostridium difficile, fecal micobiota transplantation Problem Identification The traditional treatments for patients diagnosed with infections of the colon are antibiotics. However, many antibiotics kill the normal healthy bacteria of the colon. This results in an overwhelming increase in the risk for developing a C-difficile infection. Medicine. Net (2012) stated, â€Å"Patients taking antibiotics are at risk of becoming infected with C. difficile as antibiotics can disrupt the normal bacteria of the bowel, allowing C. ifficile to become established in the colon† (para. 1). The potential for implementing the use of fecal transplantations for the treatment of C-difficile among the general population is questionable. The mere thought of presenting fecal transplantation for the treatment of a C-difficile infection is often dismissed because of limited available evidence and the concerns about using someone else’s stool to treat the infect ion. Rohlke and Stollman (2012) stated, â€Å"Cure rates of > 90% are being consistently reported from multiple enters. Transplantation [fecal] can be provided through a variety of methodologies, either to the lower proximal, lower distal, or upper gastrointestinal tract† (p. 403). An additional consideration is the perception of fecal transplantation within the community. The necessity to educate patients with C-difficile is an additional challenge. Potential donors and recipients need to be assured of minimal risks associated with the screening and transplantation process. Current research supports and discusses a comprehensive approach to identification and screening for potential fecal donors, donor preparation, and transplantation procedures. The procedure for donor selection and screening is comprehensive to prevent the transmission of infection. According to Hamilton, Weingarden, Sadowsky, and Khoruts (2012), â€Å"The [donor] history includes assessment of infectious risk, including identification of known risk factors for HIV and Hepatitis, current communicable diseases, and recent travel to areas of the world with a higher prevalence of diarrheal illnesses† (p. 3). In educating patients, families, and the community at large, the rigor associated with the screening process must be emphasized to reduce fear. The project objective in implementing an educational patient program for fecal transplantation is the creation of an informative brochure for potential use in the Endoscopy Department at Sharp Memorial Hospital by December 2014. The brochure will be created using a collaborative approach by employing endoscopic nursing champions. The goal is for the brochure to be patient specific and encompass appropriate information to decrease fears and answer questions associated with fecal transplantation. Additionally, the development of a patient posttest associated with the brochure will be created to evaluate the effectiveness of content delivery and adjusted accordingly to meet patient needs and desired outcomes. The proposed solution will minimize the ambiguity and fears associated with fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile. Solution Description The proposed solution for teaching potential recipients and donors about fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile is to diminish infection rates. By creating and implementing a comprehensive nursing educational approach patients and donors can be well informed on this innovative treatment modality. â€Å"In many areas of clinical decision making, research has demonstrated that â€Å"tried and true† practices taught in basic nursing education are not always best† (Polit & Beck, 2012, p. 25). The ability to educate society on the results of evidence-based practice regarding the treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation should minimize concerns and enhance patient outcomes. The creation of a patient education program is increasingly beneficial when multiple health care professionals and interdisciplinary teams are involved. The importance of evidence-based practice is to ensure the evidence about fecal transplants has been collected, evaluated, and implemented to establish the best practice and approach. The main premise for patient safety is to ensure donors have been thoroughly screened to minimize the potential for the transmission of other diseases with feces. According to Rohlke and Stollman (2012) on donor selection, â€Å"There have not yet been any adverse events reported that can be conclusively or directly attributed to [fecal microbiota transplantation] FMT, and proper donor screening is essential to avoid transmitting communicable diseases from donor to recipient† (p. 406). Individuals with recurrent C-difficile infections are moderately self-educated regarding treatment modalities and are receptive to the idea of fecal transplantation. The emphasis on educating patients, families, and communities regarding fecal transplantation as the initial treatment regimen is the focus. Hospital and individual associated costs in administering antibiotic therapy for the treatment of C-difficile could be drastically reduced by using fecal transplantation as the initial therapy. Brandt (2012) stated in reply, â€Å"Do patients typically accept fecal transplantation as a treatment option? Yes †¦patients typically respond with interest, and they are generally positive about trying it and they do not typically react with disgust† (para. ). The current research base associated with fecal transplantation demonstrates high cure rates while minimizing the reoccurrence of C-difficile. Rohlke and Stollman (2012) stated, â€Å"Cure rates of > 90% are being consistently reported from multiple centers† (p. 403). The review of current literature demonstrates that patient education for fecal transplantation is performed by a gastroenterologist and not the gastrointestinal (GI) nurse. Patient education provided to patients from physicians typically entails a one-way communication style. In this scenario, the gastroenterologist sends the information to the patient, and there is little discussion with the receiver. Thus, patients commonly seek out more information from the registered nurse. The ability to educate patients regarding fecal transplantation using the proposed brochure would facilitate a commonality and minimize fears. The feasibility of implementing the brochure into endoscopic departments would be perplexing and centered on nursing knowledge of fecal transplantation. Brodine and Kellogg (2013) stated, â€Å"All patients infected or colonized with C. ifficile must be educated about this bacterium, proper disease management, and transmission prevention. The nurse should use patient-centered communication—free of jargon and appropriate to the patient’s health-literacy level† (para. 13). The health care organization must employ educational programs specific to the needs of the patients and desired outcomes. â€Å"The Joint Commission recommends using the â€Å"teach-back† and â€Å"show-back† methods to educate patients; that is, ask the patient to â€Å"teach back† the information provided or demonstrate understanding by â€Å"showing† a skill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brodline & Kellogg, 2013, para. 3). The organizational culture at Sharp Memorial Hospital for nursing is centered on the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Recognition Program ®. The nursing strategic plan is developed by nursing leaders with input from nursing staff based on the hospital strategic plan. Additionally, nurse leaders emphasize that innovation is a core value and part of the nursing process. Nurse leaders encourage innovation through training, resources, and role modeling (Beyond Excellence, 2013). The roposed solution of implementing patient education for fecal transplantation is supported by Sharp Memorial Hospital because it involves introducing new knowledge regarding innovative, evidence-based treatment modalities. Research Report Clostridium difficile infection remains a constant struggle for hospitals. The standard treatment regimen of antibiotics commonly results in relapses. Research on fecal transplantation is continuing to emerge as a promising alternative approach in treating chronic C-difficile infections. Numerous studies demonstrate positive outcomes with the administration of fecal transplant in the treatment of C-difficile (Rohlke & Stollman, 2012). Fecal transplantation has shown through research studies to be a useful treatment for C-difficile infection via the restoration of intestinal normal flora (Brandt, 2012). The most common sign reported by patients diagnosed with C-difficile is chronic diarrhea. Johnson (2012) stated, â€Å"The administration of antibiotics can alter the balance of normal colonic flora to permit the overgrowth of pathogenic C. ifficile strains that produce toxins which cause diarrhea and associated symptoms† (para. 5). In an article published in the Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the authors reported 17 of 22 fecal transplantations for the treatment of C-difficile were effective (Landy, Al-Hassi, MLaughlin, Walker, Nicholls, Clark, & Hart, 2011). The substantiated results of the review article highlighted major differences in patients, donors, screening, methods of administration, and the definition of treatment responses (Landy et al. , 2011). The multiple factors highlighted in this review of treating C-difficile with fecal transplantation review across the spectrum using a standard approach is essential to supporting increased use of this treatment modality. Landy et al. (2011) stated, â€Å"Standardized controlled studies are necessary to ascertain the most effective treatment regimen as well as the most acceptable method of treatment† (p. 414). Grehen, Borody, Leis, Campbell, Mitchell, and Wettstein (2010) published a study, â€Å"to demonstrate the benefits of fecal biotherapy and the role of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions† (p. 51). The study included 10 patients treated with fecal transplantation and monitored the progress of bacterial population of the colon pre and post transplantation for a 24 week period. Grehen et al. (2010) found the following: At intervals of 4, 8, and 24 weeks after the procedure, the bacterial populations in the patients’ fecal samples consisted predominantly of bacteria derived from the health donor samples. Comparisons of similarity at 4, 8, and 24 week samples to the donor-infused sample were made and each recipient’s baseline sample was statistically significant with Friedmen test. p. 551) Rohlke and Stollman (2012) noted that C-difficile rates continue to rise with greater intensity and severity. The treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation is an emerging and accepted intervention in patients with recurrent C-difficile. Rohlke and Stollman (2012) stated, â€Å"Cure rates of >90% are being consistently reported from multiple centers. Transplantation can be provided through a variety of methodologies, either to the lower proximal, lower distal, or upper gastrointestinal tract† (p. 403). The review by Rohlke and Stollman (2012) analyzed reports validating the factors of â€Å"donor selection, appropriate patient criteria, and the preparations and mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant delivery available to clinicians and patients† (p. 403). The internal validity of the research articles reviewed demonstrates moderate samples were randomly selected. The current literature validated the need for more randomized controlled studies to determine established guidelines for the implementation of fecal transplantation. Additionally, the treatment regimen for initial and chronic C-difficile with fecal transplantation is inexpensive and noted as extremely effective. The independent variable of the effectiveness of fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile remained a consistent theme. The articles reviewed consistently reveal efficacy rates greater than 85%. The external validity of the study articles revealed fecal transplantation processes are varied in the process of which patients are treated, the donor selection criteria, donor screening protocols, and the methods of delivery. The outcomes of the results reported are moderately consistent; however, the ability to generalize a standardized treatment pathway is ambiguous and larger multi-organizational and multi-disciplinary studies are essential. Rex (2012) found the following: Several studies of fecal transplantation have demonstrated high cure rates. The latest and largest to date is a retrospective case series involving 70 patients in Finland (mean age, 73; 86% outpatients). Overall, 94% of these patients had symptom resolution during the first 12 weeks after transplantation, including 32 of the 36 infected with the O27 strain of C. ifficile and all 34 of those infected with other strains. No immediate complications occurred. (para. 1) Fecal transplantation in the treatment for C-difficile has proven to be highly successful in a limited number of studies. In determining if fecal transplantation should be the standard of treatment for C-difficile infection, larger controlled studies are required. Additionally, a standard process related to donor screening, implantation techniques, transplant follow-up, and regularly documenting patient outcomes are essential in establishing standardized fecal transplantation protocols.