Aristotles View of Slavery Essay -- Slave Slavery Aristotle Paper Ess

Born in the year of 384 B.C. Aristotle was seen as conventional for his time, for he regarded slavery as a natural course of nature and believed that certain people were born to be slaves due to the fact that their soul lacked the rational part that should rule in a human being; However in certain circumstances it is evident that Aristotle did not believe that all men who were slaves were meant to be slaves. In his book Politics, Aristotle begins with the Theory of The Household, and it is here that the majority of his views upon slavery are found. With the beginning of Chapter IV, Aristotle's idea of slavery is clearly defined. "The instruments of the household form its stock of property : they are animate and inanimate : the slave is an animate instrument, intended (like all the instruments of the household) for action, and not for productions." This distinction between action and production, is based upon the understanding that 'production' is a course in which a result is desired beyond the immediate act of doing. Where as, the simple act of completing a task is identified as 'action'. Aristotle, who believed that life was action and not production theorized that slaves were instruments of life and were therefore needed to form a complete household. In fact Aristotle went as far as to say that a slave was comparable to a tame animal, with their only divergence in the fact that a slave could apprehend reason. For he concluded that a slave and animals only use was to supply their owners with bodily help. At the end of the Theories of the Household, Aristotle explains how slaves are different from andy other types of people, in the sence that they are the only class who are born into their occupation and become property of their masters. In examining this relationship we find that he thought that while masters were the masters of the slaves, they still held a life other than that of being master; However, Aristotle believed that not only was the slave a slave to his master, but the slave had no other life or purpose than belonging. From this consideration we begin to understand Aristotle's views on the relationship between Master and Slave. At the beginning of Chapter V of the Theory of the Household, the distinct role of master and slave is defined. There is a principle of rule and subordin- ... ... Aristotle we find that he was a man of great curiosity, wisdom and ideas. Although his views on slavery seemed to hold true to the times, he had many variations on the conservative norms and beliefs. He had believed that slavery was a just system where both master and slave were beneficial from this relationship. And with this he thought that by nature, certain people were born to be slaves, yet with these beliefs we find many exceptions, where Aristotle allocates areas to describe those who by chance became slaves but in his opinion were born to be free. And in such incidence where men born free were not fit to be masters Aristotle explained how it would be easier for the master to obtain a steward who was more adept at giving instructions to run the household and leave the master of the house to more prudent issues. We can only guess as to what made Aristotle believe that by the human soul one could delineate whether or not a man was meant to be a slave or a freeman. And with his arguments we find that it was just as difficult for him to make that distinction as well. "Though it is not as easy to see the beauty of the soul as it is to see that of the body."

Emma Woodhouse and Mr. Woodhouse Analysis

Both Emma Woodhouse and her father have a good deal of sway over the lives and affairs of the other members of their community. In the first scene of the book, we learn that Mr. Woodhouse finds homes for maids in other households, while Emma does essentially the same for her acquaintances, in attempting to pair them off with husbands and wives. The narrator presents this overzealous concern for other people's well being as an entirely harmless characteristic, in Mr. Woodhouse at least. While his intrusions into the personal lives of even non-family relations and frequent effusions of worry are bothersome to readers and characters alike, Mr. Woodhouse never actually does anyone the slightest bit of real or lasting harm. Read also Analysis of Characters in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† Even Mr. John Knightley cannot stay mad at him for very long. Emma, on the other hand, is capable of doing real personal damage, and her wilful intrusions into the lives of her acquaintance are presented as arrogant presumption – her character's major flaw: â€Å"The real evils of Emma's situation [are] the power of having rather too much of her own way, and a disposition to think a little too well of herself. † (4) The key difference between her acts of presumption and those of her father is that she has a stronger will and mind than he. Her actions are therefore not only more harmful to others but also more conscious and deliberate. Though she may, like her father, be acting out of good intentions, she is fully aware of the ways in which she manipulates. Emma not only sees that she is molding Harriet's weaker mind, she understands how best to do it. If awareness makes her more responsible for her actions than the fumbling Mr. Woodhouse, it also increases the distance she has to fall when she acts irresponsibly. Because Emma's station is the highest in her social circle, her machinations go largely unchecked, but for the rebukes of Mr. Knightley. The standard of goodness in the book and its moral compass, Mr Knightley's criticism is the narrator's way of alerting us to Emma's faults. After all, social protocol forbids anyone else from attempting such criticism. The fact that Knightley practices great forbearance with Mr. Woodhouse but takes exception to most of Emma's doings highlights the differences in each charact er's culpability. In short, Mr. Woodhouse is excused because he cannot help his effrontery, while Emma is not because she can. The distinction is related to each character's flexibility: Mr. Woodhouse is the most stagnant character of the book, while Emma is the one most capable of growth. Given Mr. Woodhouse's profound fear of change, it seems pointless to try to mend his flaws at this late age. Emma however, possesses the mental and spiritual instruments, which, applied correctly, and could bring her to a near-perfect existence, elevating her actions and awareness to a par with her social status. The work of the novel, and of Mr. Knightley himself, is to instil in Emma the humility that she lacks and help her evolve so as to become worthy of him, not only socially but also morally. The book's final â€Å"happy union† (448) is a sign that Emma has achieved that end. Unlike Emma, whose vibrancy of person and strength of intellect substantiate her claims to social prowess, Mr. Woodhouse's power derives solely from his landed status. In Emma and Knightley's first conversation, we are told that Mr. Woodhouse understands â€Å"but in part;† (5) as a person and a character he is static, lacking in awareness, and defined wholly by his limitations. People defer to Mr. Woodhouse's fortune and subsequent social standing rather than his intellect or any belief in his being right. The hypochondriac worries that he imposes on others are rarely given any credence because Mr. Woodhouse is never perceived as capable of solid reasoning. In fact, common sense almost always stands in opposition to Mr. Woodhouse's concerns. The likelihood of anyone getting trapped at Randall's on Christmas Eve because of half an inch of snow is not particularly high, yet the party is broken up early all the same. Everyone is quick to do Mr. Woodhouse's bidding, no matter how silly the cause. Such power, to make people act entirely counter to their own sense of reason, could be dangerous if put into more potent hands. Luckily Mr. Woodhouse would never deliberately manipulate anyone; in fact, he is shown to be quite harmless. In expressing his personal displeasure at his daughter Isabella's going to a particular seaside resort, he actually twists the truth, â€Å"attributing many of his own feelings and expressions† (99) to Mr. Perry. However, the narrator is emphatic in noting that this is done â€Å"unconsciously. † And even when Mr. Woodhouse is conscious of trying to prevail upon others, he affects no real damage. He is constantly trying to get other people to take a basin of gruel with him, but Isabella is the only one who ends up complying. When Mrs. Bates and Mrs. Goddard come to keep Mr. Woodhouse Company during the Coles' party, his power as host is actually trumped by Emma's. Against his wishes, she sees to it that all of their guests are well fed, with as much cake as they desire. Emma, like her father, enjoys a social dominion of fortune and station but joins it with a real superiority of intellect. Situations like the gruel debate point up the inversion of the traditional family structure at Highbury, in which the daughter's authority exceeds the parent's. Emma takes care of her father, and the book's only other mother-figure, Miss Taylor, has become more like a friend than a parent, at least at the point where the story picks up: â€Å"The shadow of authority being now long passed away,† Emma does â€Å"just what she like[s], highly esteeming Miss Taylor's judgement, but directed chiefly by her own† (1). Beyond the smaller family unit, there is no one but Knightley to challenge Emma's reign. She is at the highest spot on the social ladder, as indicated by the name of her estate, Highbury. Her peers are all inferior, in status as well as quickness and depth. Harriet is entirely vapid; she can â€Å"sit, without any idea of anything in the world, for full ten minutes. † (163) And although Emma may mistake the direction of Elton's gallantry, she sees right through it: there is â€Å"a sort of parade in his speeches which was very apt to incline her to laugh. (46) Even in comparison to her sister, Emma has the â€Å"stronger hand. † (241) In truth, Emma is wholly worthy of most of the praise bestowed upon her throughout the book. The most obvious example would be her â€Å"ready wit,† (66) which Mr. Elton cites in his charade. The obvious problem with Emma's ready wit, though, and all her other powers, is that they are so often put to bad use. Where Mr. Woodhouse's social power is always proved to be harmless, Emma is the one with the potent hands that can at times wreak havoc. At the party at Box Hill, Emma â€Å"cannot resist† (342) making a derisive comment to Miss Bates, simply because it is too â€Å"clever† to be kept in. The sole extenuating circumstance here (though it is one based on Emma's arrogance) is that she may not have anticipated its full effect – â€Å"I dare say she did not understand me. † (346) But Emma's misuse of her own power of understanding is evident. The remark is both consciously derisive and deliberately aimed, and the evident pain it causes Miss Bates brings home the reality that Emma's understanding at that moment has become more limited than Miss Bates'. Moreover, the impact of the harm extends both beyond the present moment and beyond the single personal relationship, revealing that unlike her father, Emma has the power to do real lasting damage. Miss Bates tries to hide when Emma next comes to visit, and it will take a while to repair their rapport. The event also affects the larger public sphere. As Mr. Knightley notes in his later reprimand, Emma's comment was made in the presence of others, â€Å"many of who would be entirely guided by your treatment of her. (346) In this social order, people who esteem the judgment of those superior in station use it as a model for their own. Not only has Emma spoken cruelly to Miss Bates, she has set up a standard of treatment which others may choose to follow. People cater to Mr. Woodhouse because they respect him, but they use Emma as a model because they take her opinion very seriously. Where until now Emma has been seeing power in terms only of its perks, the ripple effect of even a singl e lapse of judgment highlights the responsibilities that go with social power. The moment is an important turning point in Emma's progress of self-transformation. Knightley's earlier reprimand, â€Å"Better to be without sense, than misapply it as you do! † (51) targets this larger responsibility that Emma has been both too young and too blind to see. (As an interesting side note, the movie version of Emma actually has Knightley and Emma shooting during this scene, and while Knightly delivers this comment his arrow hits a bull's-eye. ) The most striking example of Emma's misapplication of sense – along with her most deliberate act of manipulation – appears in her treatment of Harriet. Emma literally tries to create Harriet, forging explanations of her parentage and painting portraits in which she alters Harriet's body structure. The craftsmanship of this artistic aspect of her assumed role is highlighted by Knightley's recognition, â€Å"she really does you credit. † (53) As pointed out in lecture, Emma even plays the literal puppet-master, using a set of strings, her bootlaces, to direct the scene when she and Harriet run into Mr. Elton after visiting the poor family. Emma presses on with her schemes despite the many clues that contradict her understanding. Whenever circumstances displease her, she creates explanations in her head that run contrary to her own sense of reason, yet accepts them all the same. When Mr. Elton's behaviour does not fit that of a lover, Emma makes various excuses for him, laughing at his description of what she presumes to be Harriet's â€Å"ready wit† but attributing such an ill-judged compliment to the consequence of his being â€Å"very much in love. † (66) Even when Mr. Elton himself tries to clear up the confusion, in the scene in the carriage, Emma attempts to convince them both that he is hopelessly drunk. Perhaps Emma's most blatant self-deception is her heedlessness of class and birth differences between Mr. Elton and Harriet: â€Å"You and Mr. Elton are by situation called together; you belong to one another by every circumstance of your respective homes. † (68) This statement could not stand in starker contrast to the acute, even over-conscious sense of social standing, which Emma displays throughout the rest of the book. She revolts at the idea of a union between Jane Fairfax and Mr. Knightley, but wilfully ignores the same obstacles in her matchmaking of Harriet and Mr. Elton. Emma presumes to know what is best for other people, and in pursuit of her slated end goal will even act contrary to her (often accurate) perceptions of their feelings. When she writes Harriet's letter of refusal to Robert Martin, (an intrusion in itself,) Emma senses that â€Å"if the young man had come in her way at that moment, he would have been accepted after all† (50) – yet she seals and sends it all the same. The comment testifies not only to Emma's consciousness of Harriet's true feelings, but to her arrogance, in deferring to her own judgment of Harriet's best interests rather than to Harriet's. The fact that Harriet ends up happily, but in exactly the same place that she started, is the narrator's way of putting Emma in her place. As in the encounter with Miss Bates, the gap between Emma's self knowledge and the perspective we are given on her suggests the conclusion that the proper sphere for exercising human judgment is on one's personal shortcomings instead of on anyone else's. What is most ironic about Emma's many social blunders is that, apart from Mr. Knightley, she has the deepest social consciousness of anyone in the book. Emma has a truly devoted sense of responsibility to her father, cares deeply for her family and friends, and is constantly smoothing over various social rifts that only she can foresee and repair, like those between her father and John Knightley. Readers understand the great possibilities that come with Emma's characteristic awareness – we see the possibilities for a perfection which goes beyond the mere appearance of perfection introduced in the first line of the book – and it is this consciousness that makes Emma's blunders seem all the more blind and regrettable. The turning point of the book is when Emma's awareness begins to work to her advantage – when she starts to become more aware of herself. Emma's ability to reflect and feel powerfully is what fuels her self-transformation once she directs that power inwards to observe her own heart instead of outwards to mold other people and events. It takes only the right catalyst, namely Mr. Knightley, for Emma to become able to realize her own wrongdoing. She responds to his reprimands about her treatment of Miss Bates, not with the defensiveness of someone truly arrogant but with â€Å"anger against herself, mortification, and deep concern. (347) A similar moment of realization and self-chastisement comes at the first big climax of the book, when Emma learns of Harriet's love for Mr. Knightley and realizes her own: â€Å"with insufferable vanity had she believed herself in the secret of everybody's feelings; with unpardonable arrogance proposed to arrange everybody's destiny. † (3 83) Emma proves herself capable of the character revolution which her father is not when she gives up her own pretensions to judge the best interests of others. The fact that it is Knightley who sparks Emma' reformation of character might seem to give ultimate power to him rather than to Emma herself. After all, his intrusion into her personal life ends up being the most positive force of the book. But it is important to keep in mind that Knightley is only a catalyst, a stand-in for the author's criticism of Emma's flaws, while Emma shares something like the role of the author herself. Like the playwright or novelist, she learns through trial and error the limitations of power exercised in trying to create and dictate the course of other people's lives.

Beer Industry In Italy And Canada Comparison - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3788 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Beer is one of the most used beverages in the world next to coffee and tea. The beer industry therefore as we can imagine is one of the biggest industries in the world with many competitors inside of the industry. It is not surprising that many different kinds of beer and a variety of brands can be found in both Italy and Canadaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and both of the countries has a long history of development of brewery industry as well. In this articleà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’we are going to compare both of the countries marketsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’industry conditionà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’cultural differencesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’political background and so forthà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’all those information will be taken into considerationà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and be processed to make the final decision on which county environment is more suitable and beneficial for us to invest into. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Beer Industry In Italy And Canada Comparison" essay for you Create order Some theories are going to be applied to analyse the cultural dimensions of both countriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’such as Hofstedes cultural dimensionsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and SWOT analysisà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Porters Five Forces Model. Methodology What method do you use to compile your factbook and why? The methods i use to compile my factbook is that i are going to apply some frameworks from respected authors that are most applicable to my chosen industry (beer industry) such as Hofstedeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’SWOT analysis and Porters five forces. What prime theory and approaches do you draw on and why? Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Hofstede measures the cultural dimensions differences in different countries. There are five dimensions in this frameworkà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’namely the Power Distance Index (PDI)à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the Individualism-Collectivismà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Masculinity-Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Since Hofstede measures cultural dimensionsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’therefore it will be used in the cultural system page of the paper when the cultural aspects are discussed. SWOT Analysis SWOT is the abbreviation for Strengthsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Weaknessesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Opportunities and Threats. It is an analytical framework to help summarize in a quick and concise way the risks and opportunities for a certain companyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’for my case the beer industry in two different countriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Canada and Italy. The SWOT analysis looks into internal factors within the company/industry/country (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external factors outside the company/industry/country (Opportunities and Threats). This method will eventually help us to look at the main positiveà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’(strength and opportunities)à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and the negativeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’(weaknesses and threats)à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’sides of both countries when comparing. Initially this should help us decide on which country would be most attractive to invest in the beer industry. For this reasonà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’this method will be used at the end of the paperà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which will give us an conclusive overview of the both countries. Porters Five Forces Model Porters five forces model argues that there are five forces in an industry to determine the extent and scale of the competition. These five forces affect the industries attractiveness. It is an efficient tool to analyse competition in the industry. In this modelà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’five forces are the threat of substitute products or servicesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the threat of the entry of new competitorsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the intensity of competitive rivalryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the bargaining power of customersà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and the bargaining power of suppliers. The industrys attractiveness is the primary and fundamental factor to deciding the profitabilityà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and in any industryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the rule of competition will be reflected in any of the five competitive forces. The purpose of Porters five forces is to show the attractiveness of the beer industry in both Canada and Italy and to help investors decide in which country to enter in the beer industryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’besides it could help companies to deve lop a particular strategy in the industryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and this theory might be used in chapter which deals with market / industry conditions. What method of data collection and analysis do you use and why? The methods i use to collect my data are searching my universitys library modules for useful academic articles and using a mix of articles from authors known through literature and the Theory Tutorials for my Comparative Country Studies course. Of courseà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the reliable information on Internet is also consulted as additional sourcesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and i have also analyzed the annual report of the company. The beer industry of Italy and Canada In this sectionà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’relevant market conditions that apply to the Italian and Canadian beer sector will be explained. The market can be separated according to different factors like size and attractiveness as well. If we divide the market according the different market shares which individual brewery holdsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’we can see that there are several main player in the beer industry in both of the countries. Italy Italy is famous for its winesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’it is not well-known for its own beer. Generally speakingà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Italy doesnt consume nearly as much beer as its European neighbourà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’there is a growing trend of consumption for beer in Italyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the beer in Italy is not as widespread as in its European neighboursà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’mainly because there is a historical preference for wine in the country. Italian breweries have undergone a Renaissance in recent years. In factà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’only in the past few yearsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Italy has started having beer drinking and tasting competitions and many related festivals. Normallyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’this sort of activity is reserved for wineà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’nowadays beer is earning more and more respect from wine-preferred Italiansà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and even many young Italians prefer to support their countrys beer industry rather than the wine industry nowà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’stillà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the Italian beer industry has much space to grow and be developed. There are some brands of beer in Italyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’one of the oldest and most recognized breweries is Birra Peronià ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which was established in 1846 and the headquarter of Peroni is in Rome. Peronis most famous product is a pilsner-style beer. Nastro Azzuroà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which is also one of the few Italian beers that marketed all over the worldà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Nastro Azzuroà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’is a rather light style beerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’many breweries are crafting darkerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’heavier beers that are rousing interest from new and experienced beer drinkers alike. In addition to those giant breweriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’there are many microbreweries in Italyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and they play a important role and have a great portion of the market as well. A microbrewery particularly gains attention from young Italians is Birrificio Baladinà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the brewery appeals to young generation through quirky advertisements and sponsoring international music festivals and young Italians think theres room in the global beer market for some of their most outstanding brews. Canada Traditionallyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson. In 1995à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew and it is now a part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBevà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the worlds largest brewing company and Molsonà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the other largest beer companyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coorsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’with the purchase of Sleeman Breweriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Breweryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instanceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labattà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Molson and Sleemanà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Moosehead breweriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’only controls about 5.5% of the Canadian market. Country comparison Macro-economic indicators Economy Canada population 33,487,208 (July 2009 est.). Italy population 58,126,212 (July 2009 est.). Economic freedom Canada world rank 6. Economic freedom Italy world rank 87. Finance Financial freedom for Canada: 80.0. Financial freedom in Italy 60.0 Canada investment freedom 75.0. Italy investment freedom 75.0. Canada Economy -GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) $ 1.335 trillion (2010 est.). Country comparison to the world: 15. $1.297 trillion (2009 est.) $1.33 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP Per capita (PPP) $39,600 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 $38,700 (2009 est.) $40,000 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.6% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 0.3% (2009 est.) Italy Economy -GDP (PPP) $1.782 trillion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 $1.763 trillion (2009 est.) $1.857 trillion (2008 est.) -GDP per capita (PPP) $30,700 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 43 $30,300 (2009 est.) $31,900 (2008 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 0.8% (2009 est.) Historical developments Italy Beer is known and drank in Italy very long time agoà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Italians brewed and consumed the blond drink. It said that Roman Emperor Agricola was a fan of beer when he was the governor of Britanniaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and in 83 AD Roman Emperor Agricola raised to the imperial throne and came back to Italyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’he took three master brewers with him from Glevum of which the ancient name Gloucester and opened the first real pub in Italy. Nowadays beer is especially loved by young people in Italyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which has been seen as an informal drinkà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’compared to the wine which is alway used in much more formal places. Aperitif and wine tasting have now gained back to wine many casual drinkersà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’until a few years agoà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’young Italians actually drank more beer than wine. Pub-styled bars are still very popular in Italy and they have spread the love for the more exotic brands of beer: many of them serve Japaneseà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Germanà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Australian and East European beers along with the more known ones brewed in the UK and Belgium. At least one bottle of Birra cinese (Chinese beer) is served on every table of every Chinese restaurant. Canada Beer was first introduced to Canada by European settlers in the seventeenth centuryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’as Canada had an ideal climate for making and storing beer before refrigeration was introduced. The first commercial brewery was built by Jean Talon in Quebec Cityà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’in the year 1668. Over a century later a number of commercial brewers thrivedà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’including some that became the staple of the Canadian industry: John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Alexander Keith inHalifax in 1820à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Thomas Carling in London in 1840à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’John Kinder Labatt in 1847à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’also in Londonà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Susannah Oland in Halifax in 1867à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and Eugene OKeefe in Toronto in 1891. The very first patent to be issued by the Canadian government on July 6à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’1842à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’was to one G. Riley for an improved method of brewing aleà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’beerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’porterà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and other maltliquors. Prohibition in Canada did not last as long as in the U.S. and was largely over by the mid 1920s (apart from Prince Edward Islandà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’where it ran from 1901 to 1948). Neverthelessà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’it had a similar effect of leaving very few brewersà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and it was only in the late twentieth century that there has been a revival and microbreweries have started. Brewpubs are still illegal in some provinces. Cultural system Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions of Italy and Canada Power Distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty Avoidance Italy Higher More collective More masculine Strong Canada Lower More individualistic More feminine Weak Power distance Canada is lower on the Hofstedes power distance index than Italyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Italy falls in the middle on the index overall. Italian seems to expect differences in power between people. Canadas Power Distance (PDI) is relatively lowà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’with an index of 39à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’compared to a world average of 55. This is indicative of a greater equality between societal levelsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’including governmentà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’organizationsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and even within families. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment. Individualism The more collective nature of Italy compared to Canada can be seen in many ways. It is not uncommon for grown children to live with their parents for years. Italian businesses are primarily owned by individuals and families. Business is preferably done with people with which one is familiar. Unacquainted guests will not be invited into an Italian home. Coffee or dinner will be taken with non-family members at a cafe or restaurant. Canada has Individualism (IDV) as the highest ranking (80) Hofstede Dimensionà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and is indicative of a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. The populace is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and their close family members. Masculinity Italy is a fairly masculine society and ranks slightly higher on this index than Canada. Many Italian men still treat women with gallantry and value machismo. Although women have entered the workforceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’their numbers are still small and few are in upper echelon positions. Italian household are the sole domain of women; Italian women for the most part cookà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’clean and care for the children. Italians place a prime importance on material possessions. It is very important to look good in Italy. Howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’like a more feminine cultureà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Italians also know how to take time to appreciate the good things in life. Italians work in order to live rather than living to work. Ambition is not prevalent in Italian culture. Therefore i assume that beer as a informal beverageà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’it is more popular under this kind of cultural background rather than more formal cultural background countries. Uncertainty Avoidance Italy avoids uncertainly more strongly than Canada. By and large Italians prefer to do business with people they know. In additionà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Italians prefer to know something about an individual before they speak with him/her on the phone. Thusà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’in business one should send an introductory fax and follow-up with a phone call. Political/Government System Beer or malt liquorà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’is defined as all fermented liquor brewed in whole or in part from malt for the purposes of the Excise Actà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’grain or any saccharine matter without any process of distillationà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’but does not include wine. Italian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Alcohol Duty Beer (5% ABV or 12ËÅ ¡ Plato) 0.12 £ per pint Wine (bottle 11.5% ABV) 0.00 £ per 75 cl As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beer in Italyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which contains following level of duty. Italy is a member of the European Unionà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’therefore it shares the Common External Tariff regime. EU duties are charged by the Italian Customs Agency on the CIF (costà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’insurance and freight) value of the product imported into Italy. The Alcohol Act (2001) bans TV and radio advertising of alcoholic products between 4PM and 9PM and prohibits alcohol advertisements from being shown on TV within 15 minutes before or after any childrens programs. The Act also requires a self-regulatory code to be provided jointly by media companiesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’advertising agencies and advertisers to govern alcohol advertising. For the legal drinking ageà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’there is no minimum age of legal drinking. And the legal purchasing age of alcohol is 16 and 18. South Tyrol prohibits both serving and purchase for people under the age of 18 and to everybody in a state of inebriation. Milan has enforced a ban on those under 16 purchasing alcohol. Heavy fines are given to proprieters and parents if a transaction is completed. Canadian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Beer Duty Up to 1.2% alcohol $2.591/hectolitre 1.2% to 2.5% alcohol $13.990/hectolitre Over 2.5% alcohol $27.985/hectolitre As we can see in the table of different rates of duty applies to beerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which contains following level of duty: (1) more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; (2) more than 1.2% but not more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volume; and (3) less than 1.2% absolute ethyl alcohol by volumeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and for all beer containing more than 2.5% absolute ethyl alcohol by volumeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the rate of excise duty is currently $27.985 per hectolitre. Howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’excise duties are not imposed on beer provided it is brewed by a person for personal or family use or to be given away without charge and is not for sale commercially. Canadian government showed how highly they value beer production and its breweries by lowering the taxes exercised on beer production. This is a benefit to the industry. As one of the leaders of the whole economy of Canadaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the beer sector is likely to maintain these tax benefits and other benefits might be offered as well to the beer sector to develop the Canadian beer industry. In Canada, alcohol was taxed pursuant to the Excise Act previously. Howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’a new regime in Canada for the federal taxation of certain alcoholà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’including spirits and winesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’was introduced in the Excise Actà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2001à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which was implemented effective July 1à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2003. Excise duties on beer (and malt liquor) continue to be imposed under the Excise Act. Generallyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’different excise duty treatment applies to alcohol for non-beverage use. A licence is required authorizing certain alcohol operations under both the Excise Actà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2001à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and the Excise Act. For beerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’a licence is only required under the Excise Act for the commercial operation as a breweryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’for exampleà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the place where beer is manufactured. All brewery licensees are required to post and maintain security with the Canadian government. The amount of security is set at a minimum of $5,000. Generallyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ beer is subject to an excise duty that is imposed and becomes payable during the production process. The legal drinking and purchasing age in Canada are both 19. Howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’In some areas such as Ontarioà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Saskatchewanà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’British Columbiaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Newfoundland and Labradorà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Nova Scotiaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Northwest Territoriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Yukonà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and Nunavutà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’underage drinking under parental supervision is permittedà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’with some restrictionsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’on ones own property in the provinces of New Brunswick andOntario and at home in the provinces of Prince Edward Islandà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’British Columbia and Saskatchewan. InBritish Columbiaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’only children of the supervising parentsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’not any other minors such as guestsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’are allowed underage drinking. Consumption of alcohol in another persons home is subject to other laws. Major players The brewing industry had become extremely concentrated in Canada by the 1970sà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’being dominated by just three major companiesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which are Molsonà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Labattà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and Carling-OKeefe. Canadas largest brewing companies were Labatts and Molson as we mentioned in the previous overview of industry condition of both countries. In 1995à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Labatts was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew which is now part of Brazilian-Belgian Anheuser-Busch InBevà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the worlds largest brewing company and Molsonà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the other largest beer companyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’which was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coorsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and it is the worlds fifth largest brewing company now. In 2006à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the largest remaining Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese owned Sapporo Breweryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Canadas beer production has been mainly under the control of foreign multinationals. By the end of 2006à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’nearly 90% of beer sales was of product brewed domestically under licence from non-domestic corporations. American beers brewed under licence dominate much of the market. For instanceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Budweiser is brewed under licence in Canada by Labatts and Coors Light by Molson. The market in Canada for domestic beer is dominated by Labattà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Molson and Sleemanà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’all foreign-owned companies. The largest Canadian-owned brewerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Moosehead breweriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’only controls small portion of the Canadian market. Italy hosts a few breweriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’with the largest owned by the best known Italian and foreign brands. Peronis brewery produces the best known Italian beer: la Peroni. Peroni also produces the premium beer Mastro Azzurro and the brands WÃÆ' ¼hrerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and lesser known Raffo. Heineken Italy brews its famous Heinekenà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’but has also acquired the brands Morettià ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Ichnusaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Birra Messina and Dreher. Carslberg owns a few brewerys in Northern and Central Italy. In Northern Italyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Forst brews its own branded beer as well as the famed Menabrea. In Friuli Venezia Giulia the latest brand of Italian beer Birra Castelloà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’has been active since 1997. Along with these big playersà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’there are lots of microbreweries small scale breweries that produce small quantities of beerà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’they also have premium quality. Major finding of comparison and recommendations Making a decision in which country to invest is not so easyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’because of all those different variances in both of the countiesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’some of the variances are strength for Canadaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’some of them are favorable for Italy. In the first placeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the tax rates between Canada and Italy differ. In Canada the rates are relatively lower than in Italy due to the fact that the tax level is relatively high in the European context. In addition to thisà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the Canadian government reduced taxes even more to benefit Canadian brewers. Secondlyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’when a look is taken at macroeconomic indicators like GDP per capita we see that Canada is a bit more favorable. Howeverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’since this differences are so smallà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’both of the countries that we have chosen are developed countriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and GDP per capita which above certain level has a relatively weak influence on the consumption of beer. Thereforeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’this factor is not likely to have a significant influences on the desicion of investment in the countries. Thirdlyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the population above legal drinking age in the markets has been calculated starting from the age at which alcohol consumption is allowed. This would mean that we start counting the population starting from 18 years old in Italy (some area start from 16 years old) and 19 years old in Canada. We find that the relative amount of people able to purchase and consume alcohol in Italy is larger than in Canadaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’because the whole population is larger in Italy than in Canadaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and the population of legal drinking age are also higher in Italy than in Canadaà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’thereforeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the potential market in Italy are larger than in Canada. Lastlyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’when comparing markets according to its players and their market shares we find that Canada has a more concentrated market with high market share large players and many small players. Italy on the other hand has two old players with a high share and one smaller player while the rest of the market consists of really small players. It would therefore be an advantage to invest in the Italian market; trying to gain and increase a market share because of the fact that there are many foreign players already play very important roles in the Canadian marketà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Molson Coors Brewing company and Anheuser-Busch InBev have a market share of 42,70 and 42,20 percent respectively. Third place is hold by Moosehead Brewing company with a share of 5,90 percent. These three main players hold 90,8 percent of the market in total by volume. Taking all those facts into consideration, i would say that Italy would be the country that we are going to invest in. As we explained aboveà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’we analysed both countries SWOT, for Italy, the strength is market size, the weakness is relatively higher tax rate on alcohol, and the opportunities is that there are only two big old players and some extreme small playersà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’gaining or increasing a share is relatively easyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and the market of Italy are more potentialà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’because Italy still on the growing phase of beer industry. Moreoverà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’since the age allowed to drink in Italy starting from the age of 18 and in some areas are even lower to 16à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’and with more population in Italyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’therefore the market is bigger in Italy than in Canada. In additionà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’nowadays the Italian government highly values the Italian beer industry due to the impact on its economy and therefore taxes are getting lower and lower. And the threat s of Italy is that new public policy may harm the beer industry, such as the advertising policy we mentioned before which bans the ads of alcohol in specific period of time on TV.

Commonly Confused Words Diagnosis and Prognosis

The words  diagnosis and prognosis are commonly (though not exclusively) used in the medical field. Both terms contain the root word gnosis, which means knowledge. But  diagnosis and prognosis refer to different kinds of knowledge or information. Definitions The noun diagnosis refers to the process of analyzing information to understand or explain something. The plural of diagnosis is diagnoses. The adjective form is diagnostic. The noun prognosis means a forecast or prediction--a judgment about what is likely to occur in the future. The plural of prognosis is prognoses. In the medical field, diagnosis relates to identifying and understanding the nature of a disease or disorder, while a prognosis  is a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease or disorder. Examples Medical researchers are examining strategies for the early diagnosis of Alzheimers disease.A simple 15-minute brain scan could help doctors diagnose people* with  autism  by identifying structural differences in their brains. Scientists say the scans would speed up what is currently a long and emotional diagnostic procedure and allow the identification of at-risk children more rapidly.​(Alok Jha, Autism Can Be Diagnosed With Brain Scan--Study. The Guardian [UK], August 10, 2010)* See usage notes below.  The prognosis for continued and sustainable improvements in human well-being on a transformed planet Earth is, at best, guarded.​(W.C. Clark et al., Science for Global Sustainability.  Earth System Analysis for Sustainability, ed. by Hans-Joachim Schellnhuber et al. MIT Press, 2004)Our task was to  learn all that was known  about the natural history of disease so that we could make an accurate diagnosis and a reasonably probabilistic prognosis.  That done, our function as doctors  would be to enlist the best possible nursing care, explain matters to the patient and family, and stand by.​(Lewis Thomas, The Fragile Species. Touchstone, 1996) Usage Notes The distinguishing  difference between diagnosis and prognosis  is that prognosis implies the prediction of a future state. Thus, to accomplish prognosis requires both diagnostic and predictive tools, the former to sense the current state of damage and the latter to predict the future state based on projected usage and applicable life-prediction routines.​(Materials Damage Prognosis, ed. by James M. Larsen et al., 2005)  The disease, not the patient, is diagnosed. Do not write She was diagnosed with cancer. But also avoid stilted constructions like this: She was given a diagnosis of cancer. Consider simpler alternatives: She learned she had cancer. Tests showed she had cancer. Her doctor told her she had cancer.(Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly, The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, 5th ed. Three Rivers Press, 2015)Lurie 1927 disapproves of using the verb diagnose with a person as its object, even though there is often no other way of avoiding a stilted se ntence. . . . [W]e believe that it is more frequently found in speech than in writing. However, the usefulness of this sense of diagnose is manifest, and its use in writing may well increase.(Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage, 1994) Practice (a) When the ships engine wouldnt start, the chief engineer offered a _____ of the problem.(b) The gloomy _____ for jobs and incomes in the coming year sent stock prices falling. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) When the ships engine wouldnt start, the chief engineer offered a  diagnosis  of the problem.(b) The gloomy  prognosis  for jobs and incomes in the coming year sent stock prices falling.

Critical Analysis On Spanish Horror Films - 1852 Words

Shannon Stone 12-11-14 FEA 460 Spanish Cinema Final Paper Critical Analysis on Spanish Horror Films From the late 1960’s to the early 1970’s Spain rose as one of the leading countries to dominate the horror film genre. Struggling under a brutal and confining dictatorship for much of the 20th century, the horror genre of Spanish cinema took awhile to come together. During the difficult and challenging days of General Franco’s regime a limited series of horror films were produced, mainly for the English market. In the later years under Franco, hundreds of horror films were released. All were identified for their violence, eroticism, and unrestrained cinematography. Recently, 21st century Spanish horror films, such as The Devil’s Backbone and The Others, tell chilling ghost stories that go beyond horror genre and successfully mix suspense, horror, and coming of age techniques, during the harsh wartime, using sound, lighting, editing, and innovative camera work. After General Franco’s regime fell, a new wave of young directors such as Bigas Luna and Pedro Almodovar basked in their newfound freedom of expression to produce films that were unrestricted and independent. In the 21st century, a more mature Spanish film industry had returned to the horror genre in a big way. There have been many box office horror film hits produced outside of Spain with Spanish talent behind the camera, such as The Others. Spanish horror films had been designed to appeal to international marketsShow MoreRelated Columbus and the New World Discovery Essay4487 Words   |  18 Pagesvandalism, extermination, and ecological desolation. The revisionist reaction, it must be said, has been under way for a while. As far back as the quadricentennial Justin Winsor, a historian and bibliographer of early America, published a soberly critical biography, arguing that Columbus had left the New World a legacy of devastation and crime. 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Socrates On the Unexamined Mind Free Essays

James Perkins Liberty University (Philosophy) â€Å"Unexamined Life is not worth Living† Socrates believed that people do not think for themselves he also believe that if an individual cannot â€Å"think† that person is not open for others to question his/hers thoughts. The outcome of this dilemma in Socrates mind is â€Å"life is not worth living†. According to our presentational lectures â€Å"Philosophy† is a critical examination of our thoughts â€Å"Critical thinking†. We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates On the Unexamined Mind or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we cannot think our way through life, then life has no meaning, and it is not worth living. I believe Socrates quote is true, what purpose are we pursuing in life? If any at all, Socrates carefully chooses the word â€Å"unexamined† our lecture teaches us that philosophy is a critical examination of our basic beliefs concerning reality. In my opinion reality is life; therefore we must ask ourselves the question, what is life? Speaking from a philosophical point of view, I believe life has no meaning, if we do not know who we are or what our purpose in life is. In our culture today many people want to exclude their past and forget what they have gone through in life. I believe as Socrates did in his time, to examine your past and the outcome of your future will lie before you. Again, I strongly believe Socrates famous quote is true, not only is it true, this quote has â€Å"step on the toes† of many people for many years. Why? In our current culture today we the people have issues on just using basic common sense. I believe common sense is a gift from God, therefore it is a natural gift. How to cite Socrates On the Unexamined Mind, Papers

Green Revolution free essay sample

Interaction between humans and the environment has always had a great importance in the development of humankind; according to Marx, what differentiates humans from other animals is the fact that humans can transform their surroundings to suit their needs, through labor. The Green Revolution is not the exception to that. In times of need the human being manipulated its environment to be suitable for its development, however, the question lingers, how efficient was it, how positive? The Green Revolution, from 1945 to the present, was motivated by the need to increase the production of food to supply for the increasing demand as population grew, to promote national self-sustainability in terms of food. However, during that period the effect of the Revolution have been detrimental to the environment and society: they have damaged agricultural diversity and heritage, damaged the lands, and put at risk food security; also, they have widened the gap between the very rich and the very poor, monopolizing the food industry. The Green Revolution originated after an urgent need to promote food security with a growing trend in global population, as a way to promote self-sustainability and independence. As it is clear in the report given by the Food and Agriculture Organization (DOC 2), in the period ranging from around 1929 (great depression) and 1945 (end of World War II) the global food supply index was below the world population. What this means is that there was literally not enough food being produced world wide to feed the world population. This struggle of human kind to stay afloat in supplying the minimum needs for survival meant that a change needed to occur. The answer, as Dr. Norman Borlaug stated in his Nobel Lecture (DOC 4) was not simply planting more in the developing nations, since the lands in those areas were â€Å"tired, worn out, depleted of plant nutrients†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Clearly, what the document refers is that a new, more effective way of growing food had to be developed. In fact, Dr.Borlaug states that the priority of the developments of the green revolution concentrated in the millions that were lurked by hunger, a large problematic that clearly was under the spotlight. As a proof that the world was prioritizing the deficient food supply is the statement given by President Harry Truman (DOC 3). President Truman was the leader of the most powerful nation in the world at the time, the one with the largest technological developments, and his word was the one that would set the course of the world. This particular speech is vital, since it is the inaugural speech, where he was to set the priorities of the government and address the world with what the United States had as a course for the future. In this speech, he clearly refers to the shocking figure that â€Å"more than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery† and says that the United States will help provide â€Å"technical knowledge†¦ to produce more food† In the speech President Truman refers often to liberty, thus meaning that self-sustainability will provide freedom. This speech is the perfect example, the jewel of the trend that the world was seeing with regard to prioritizing food. The mention of â€Å"technical knowledge† is vital in the construction of the green revolution as a response to the lack of food, with technological developments in the agricultural field. Some have said that the Green Revolution has been a success in improving the food industry, and improving living conditions for everyone; nevertheless the numbers today reflect a mediocre success. Indian minister for food and agriculture (1964-1967) states in an interview (DOC 5) that the farmers of the state of Punjab competed to use the technology that was introduced by the green revolution the best. It is stated with a positive connotation, as to refer to the great feats of Punjab. This seems very positive, however, the most likely reason for this to have occurred is the fact that multinational corporations were kicking them out of the market and they were forced into utilizing the technology that those same corporations were imposing on them. If this were true, which it most likely is, as it has happened in many places around the world, it would discredit the great success that the Green Revolution supposedly is. Furthermore, the claim is that the Green Revolution has brought prosperity, however, to whom, to the ones that were rich already? A perfect example of this negative impact of the Green Revolution is the conversation between Mrs. Dula and the United Nations official (DOC 6), which gives a not very realistic perspective of the impact of the green Revolution and is concentrated exclusively in the sector of the very rich. This document is indeed quite revealing, as the speaker is an aristocratic woman of Mexico, probably a housewife who sees the world through the optic of his husband, a man who earns a salary if the revolution which he works for is successful; in fact, she is most likely part of one of the clubs she talks about herself. The occasion of this statement is a simple conversation with a UN official, probably at some sort of a social event, where the high class is all joined together, with perfectly slanted people who are not really analyzing the global impact of the Green Revolution. This document gives a crystal clear proof of how much the Green Revolution has made the â€Å"rich Mexican farmers† richer probably at the expense of making the poor laborers, poorer, however, this document presents only one, very bright point of view to sell the revolution. With regards to India once again, socially, they sell the idea of improvement, like in the report of the State of Punjab (DOC 9) where it says that the Green Revolution has seen with it the â€Å"emergence of middle and rich peasants† a very undesirable euphemism to conceal the actual situation. This document seems to give a perspective of social growth and development, of a population going for education, yet once again, it seems very idealistic in its tone, when in reality India has totally different conditions. With regards to that, India has one of the largest Gini index’s in the world, meaning a huge social inequality, and has one of the smallest middle classes in the world, which has diminished even more throughout the years, meaning that in reality, India may have had a somewhat positive year, but the general trend is of a very pronounced downturn in social progress, all related to the Green Revolution which is destroying the small farmers. The Green Revolution, in truth has brought more ill than it has brought good, in the environmental and social aspects. Regarding environmental harm, the FAO Wheat Yield report (DOC 1) is very good in demonstrating the introduction of massive scale crops that the Green Revolution brings forth with it. The introduction of these crops damages the lands since they are not prone to such production. The graphs show that in both Mexico and India the crop yields were extremely irregular, and as time passed they have become even more, this is due to the fact that they are not proper to those areas and its planting is something totally synthetic and with complete disrespect towards the natural balance. The article by Dr. Vandana Shiva (DOC 8) reveals how much damage the crops, especially Genetically Modified Organisms; do to the land they are planted in. The â€Å"reduced genetic diversity, increased vulnerability to pests, soil erosion, water shortages†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are effect that will leave marked the land for a long time, as Dr. Shiva states, and are a threat to future generations, which will have totally barren land where it will be impossible to plant food. Dr. Shiva also refers to the social problematic that the Green Revolution is planting alongside its seeds. For instance the fight for water to provide irrigation, previously not needed in India, has lead to â€Å"conflict and violence† and as it has become a worldwide trend, the career for water dominance is â€Å"leading to both local and interstate water conflicts. † This clearly shows how disadvantageous the spread of the Green Revolution has been, since it has brought unmeasured changes that have not been made responsibly, but rather abruptly, causing enormous damage. Dr. Shiva is an Indian Physicist, and being from India she probably has had a very direct contact with the Green Revolution, considering that one of its birthplaces was in fact the State of Punjab. In this occasion she is writing for the Ecologist magazine, a publication read by people with primary interest in the environmental issues, including organization leaders and maybe politicians who will probably get concerned, especially due to the tone of annoyance and hatred that she employs in the article. Expanding on social implications, the Guatemalan National Coordinating Committee of Indigenous peasants (DOC 10) gives a different perspective. Although it may sound somewhat as mysticism from indigenous people, saying that they have contaminated the seeds is not a joke, considering the hormones that can be found in GMO plantations. This also acknowledges a vital issue, the loss of diversity and heritage that society is killing with the systematic Green Revolution trends, like the Mayan traditions, which have been present for â€Å"five thousand years. Furthermore, the social disaster does not stop there, but stumbles over women, which according to the FAO Newsletter (DOC 7) have been forced to change their job. In this case the implications have made woman, traditionally in other roles, have even less opportunities to succeed, as the increased need for cash income made the woman be forced to work. This implies a social catastrophe since it denies the right of woman to equal opportunities, which are stripped off with the Green Revolution, which makes them simply one more laborer forced to work. Additional to the information presented in the documents it would be vital to contain the point of view of a small scale male farmer that has to compete with the multinational corporations, which have been installed after the start of the Green Revolution circa 1945. This would be important since it would show the first hand effects of the monopolies that the Green Revolution has brought, with regards to the social impact it has made, and whether that impact is positive or negative. As discussed throughout the essay, the Green Revolution, which has lasted from 1945 until the present day, was originated with a need to secure food production in a starving world. However its effects were not so positive, since today many starve, and the Green Revolution has damaged the environment and widened the gap between the social classes. The setup of crops that have give no benefit to the places in which they are grown, with complete disregard to the ecological balance that was being destroyed have caused issues ranging from soil erosion to water shortages and crops with pest vulnerability. The Green Revolution has also made the rich farmers richer at the cost of the poor being poorer, since the costs of the new technologies are not easily accessible, but the yields that they provide take the small farmers out of business. In general, although certain governments sponsor the Green Revolution and make it seem positive, it has brought about large changes in the way humans interact with the environment, with a generalized destruction of it to get short-term solutions to the problem of food shortages.